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    29Mar, 2021
    2021 இல் கற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டிய 18 தேவையான தொழில்நுட்ப திறன்கள்

    தொழில்நுட்பத்தில் புலங்களை மாற்றி இறங்க விரும்புகிறீர்கள், ஆனால் உங்கள் வாழ்க்கையைத் தொடங்க உங்களுக்கு என்ன திறன்கள் தேவை என்று தெரியவில்லையா?எதிர்காலத்திற்கான தேவையில் தொழில்நுட்ப திறன்களைப் பின்தொடர்வதன் மூலம் உங்கள் சந்தைப்படுத்தலை அதிகரிக்கும்!! 
     
    2020ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஒரு மில்லியன் தொழில்நுட்ப வேலைகள் நிறைவேறவில்லை என்று மதிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது, இது U.S. இல் ஒரு பெரிய தொழில்நுட்ப திறமை பற்றாக்குறையை குறிக்கிறது. மேலும், ஒரு Udemy survey (கணக்கெடுப்பில்) 50% க்கும் மேற்பட்ட நிறுவன கற்றல் மற்றும் மேம்பாட்டுத் தலைவர்கள் 2020 ஆம் ஆண்டில் தங்களது பயிற்சிக்கு தொழில் நுட்ப திறன் முன்னுரிமையாக இருந்தது என்று கூறினார்கள். 
     
    நிச்சயமாக, தொழில்நுட்பம் ஒரு பரந்த துறையாகும், மேலும் நீங்கள் செல்லக்கூடிய சுவாரஸ்யமான திசைகள் நிறைய உள்ளன. இந்த கட்டுரையில், தொழில்நுட்பத்தின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகள் பாா்த்து, உங்கள் கற்றல் பயணத்தைத் தொடங்குங்கள். 
     
    மேலும் கவலைப்படாமல், 2021 ஆம் ஆண்டில் தேவைப்படும் 18 தொழில்நுட்ப திறன்கள் இங்கே உள்ளன – மேலும் நீங்கள் ஆன்லைன் தொழில்நுட்ப சார்ந்த பயிற்சியைப் பெற வேண்டும். 

    23Mar, 2021
    20 Places to Educate Yourself Online for Free

    It seems like these days you can learn just about anything online for free, but of course some of that information is better than others. The good news is there are plenty of reputable places to educate yourself online for free, and here’s a good 20 of them to get you started. 

    1. Coursera 

    The coolest thing about Internet learning is that you can take college courses which in the past were only available to people who forked over immense sums of money to attend elite colleges. Coursera brings a bunch of those classes together into one site, offering nearly 400 courses ranging from Introduction to Guitar from Berklee College of Music to Constitutional Law from Yale. 

    Courses typically include videos and certain coursework (such as online quizzes) that must be completed in a certain amount of time, as these courses are monitored by a professor. Stop by regularly to see what’s new, or search for topics that interest you can put them on a watch list so you’ll be notified when a new class begins. 

    2. Khan Academy 

    Home to more than 3,000 videos on subjects ranging from SAT prep to cosmology, art history to calculus, Khan Academy is a great place to learn. Detailed courses are broken into smaller sections of text or videos for ease of learning that fits into your schedule, and all are self-paced so you can spend as much or as little time with the subject as you like. 

    You can also leave comments or ask questions if you want more information or if something isn’t clear in the lessons. 

    3. OpenCourseWare 

    The OpenCourseWare Consortium is a worldwide effort to make college and university level course materials accessible for free on the Internet. Search for a specific topic that interests you, or search by language (20 are available) or the source of the coursework. 

    There are more than 5,000 classes in English alone, covering everything from statistical thermodynamics (Middle East Technical University) to Epidemics in South African History (University of Cape Town) and Creole Language and Culture (University of Notre Dame). 

    4. ALISON 

    A global-learning resource with courses in English, French and German, ALISON covers everything from SAT prep to health and safety courses required in Ireland. There are lessons on everything from study skills to American copyright law, currency exchange to nonprofit fundraising, and general accounting to negotiating when buying a house. 

    Completion of a course grants you “certification,” which is a British designation, but it’s still kind of fun. 

    5. MIT Open Courseware 

    If you always wanted to attend a big-name school like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, now you can do the next best thing by taking many of its courses for free from your home on your own time. The MIT Open Courseware site posts course materials from a wide variety of classes you can search by department. 

    Choosing a course will show you when it was originally taught and by whom, and will give you access to the syllabus, course calendar, readings, assignments and study materials. You can download the course materials and work through the course at your own pace. 

    6. Academic Earth 

    If you’d like a broader collection of courses than MIT provides, Academic Earth is a great place to look. This free course aggregator has a stunning collection of courses from around 50 universities across the globe. You can search by source or general subject. 

    Don’t miss the curated playlists on topics such as natural laws, the nature of evil and the economic crisis. The video electives—with subjects like how to take a punch and why World War II made us fat—are lots of fun, too. 

    7. Open Learning Institute 

    The Open Learning Institute from Carnegie Mellon University allows access to a handful of course materials so you can learn at your own pace from the same kind of materials and self-guided assessments that would be used in a classroom. Their offerings are limited, but there’s a lot of detail in the coursework. Instructor-led courses are also sometimes available. 

    8. Open Culture 

    This site isn’t very pretty, but Open Culture does boast a collection of more than 700 downloadable courses, including college-level, certificate-bearing classes, language lessons, educational materials for K-12 and more. 

    There are also just some interesting links that aren’t to courses but you’ll still learn something from, such as this post on a reading list suggested by Ernest Hemingway. 

    9. Open Education Database 

    The well-designed Open Education Database claims more than 10,000 courses from universities from around the world. Search by topic and you’ll see the number of full courses, as well as which courses have audio lessons, video lessons or mixed media, so you can learn in whatever way you like. 

    You can also use this site to learn about online and offline schools, should you choose to continue your education in a more formal way. 

    10. iTunes U 

    Many of these same online courses can be accessed away from your computer with the help of iTunes U, a free app that can be downloaded to you iPad, iPhone or iPod Touch. It says that it includes 500,000 different courses, with material ranging from elementary school to college-level. 

    There’s also educational material here from respected institutions like the New York Public Library and MoMA. You can also add notes to the videos, share with friends and keep your course materials in iBooks so you have everything you need to learn wherever you are. 

    11. TED 

    The TED talks are a legendary source of information on all sorts of topics, and any discussion of how to educate yourself for free online needs to include them. There are now thousands of videos on all sorts of topics available on the site. 

    If you’re a fan of whimsy you can also get the site to suggest a fascinating, beautiful or informative video for you, among other tags. This may not be formal education but it certainly can be life-changing. 

    12. 99U 

    Love videos by experts on all sorts of topics? After you visit TED, check out 99U, which is another great source of educational videos on all sorts of topics. It has a strong focus on the subject of creativity, business development and innovation, so it’s sure to be of interest if you’re an entrepreneur or in a creative line of work. 

    13. Ignite 

    If you want to learn something new and you’re really pressed for time, check out Ignite videos. The purpose of this series of speaking events is to have each person share something innovative or inspiring in just five minutes. Sounds silly, but you can get a big dose of greatness in a short amount of time. 

    14. Wikiversity 

    If you prefer your learning to be text-based, check out Wikiversity. As you might imagine, this site is part of the Wikimedia Foundation and includes detailed pages on a variety of subjects. It includes information of value to learners from preschool to college and beyond, and like other wiki projects is open-source and collaborative. 

    This is a good site or browsing, and the “random” button is a lot of fun. 

    15. Project Gutenberg 

    Access more than 4,200 free ebooks at Project Gutenberg, an excellent source for public domain books from throughout history as well as contemporary free ebooks. You’ll find literature, historic documents, nonfiction books on all sorts of subjects and much more, all free and downloadable to your computer or ereader. 

    16. Bartleby 

    A similar resource is Bartleby, which boasts a large collection of reference works, poetry, fiction and nonfiction. There are some really great resources here such as The Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction, Oxford Shakespeare, Bullfinch’s Mythology, Bartlett’s Quotations and much more. 

    This is a great site to look at if you’re looking for quotes about a specific subject or just want to delve into the classics you probably should have read in school. 

    17. The Free Library 

    Boasting a collection of more than 21 million free articles and books, The Free Library is the place to go for access to newspapers, magazines, journal articles (from 1984 to the present) and classic books. It’s a great place to start if you’re doing research for an academic paper or just want to find out more about a particular topic. 

    You can search by keyword or browse by source, topic or author, or just look at random articles and see what develops. 

    18. Udacity 

    Video courses in math, computer science, business, physics and psychology are available for free at Udacity. This clean site is easy to navigate and has the added bonus of a little icon next to the videos that shows you how advanced a course is so you know to start with an easier course if you’re new to a subject. 

    19. YouTube 

    It seems that just about anything you could ever want to learn is available these days on YouTube for instant, bite-sized, free consumption. Browse channels to find general topics that interest you, or search for the specific thing you want to learn and you’ll be on your way in no time. 

    There are more than 6,000 channels in the science and education section, more than 600 in cooking and nearly 2,000 in DIY, so whatever you want to educate yourself about you’re sure to find something good here. 

    20. Google, etc. 

    The search engines are a great place to start if you have something specific you are looking for. Google in particular provides a great overview of subjects right in your browser. Search for a person and you’ll get a mini bio without clicking on any other pages, and you’ll have lots of places to go for more information. This is your best bet if you’re looking for specialized information, because all of these sites are general and Google can let you know the best places to go to find exactly what you’re looking for. 

    22Mar, 2021
    Success In Giant Rocket Test For NASA Preparing Return To Moon

    NASA plans to place the first woman on the Moon by 2024 and build a lunar orbital station, before eventually embarking on a crewed mission to Mars.

    Video: Success In Giant Rocket Test For NASA Preparing Return To Moon

    Washington:  

    NASA successfully carried out a key static test of its troubled Space Launch System rocket on Thursday, a win for the agency as it prepares to return to the Moon. 

    The second “hot fire” test saw all four of the rocket’s RS-25 engines fire simultaneously at 4:40 pm Eastern time (2040 GMT) for the full duration of eight minutes, producing a maximum of 1.6 million pounds of thrust (7.1 million newtons). 

    “The applause says a lot about how the team feels,” Bill Wrobel, an official in charge of the test, said during a livestream after the control room began clapping. 

    “Looks pretty good right now,” he added. 

    “This is a major milestone towards advancing our goals objectives for Artemis,” acting NASA Administrator Steve Jurczyk later told reporters, referring to the lunar program. 

    NASA plans to place the first woman on the Moon by 2024 and build a lunar orbital station, before eventually embarking on a crewed mission to Mars. 

    The test’s success came as a relief to the agency after an earlier run involving the 212-foot (65-meter) high core stage at the Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi was cut short in January. 

    “We’ve had some challenges,” said Tom Whitmeyer, NASA’s deputy associate administrator of exploration system development. 

    “I’m just so proud of the team with the way they’ve methodically worked through these challenges.” 

    Thursday’s test was required to collect data on how the core stage behaves during critical operations like throttling engines up and down and moving them in a variety of patterns. 

    The rocket’s tanks were filled with 700,000 gallons (2.6 million liters) of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, which when burned sent a huge plume of water vapor soaring into the sky. 

    Engineers will analyze the data and decide whether the stage is ready to be refurbished and transported by barge to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 

    There, it will be assembled with the other parts of the SLS rocket and the Orion crew capsule, which are being prepared for the Artemis I launch later this year — an uncrewed mission. 

    The SLS program has been beset by delays and cost overruns, and was initially due to be operational in 2016. 

    Ars Technica reported this week NASA was conducting an internal review of its affordability. 

    NASA said last August the baseline development cost was $9.1 billion and the initial ground systems capability required $2.4 billion. 

    It has also been criticized as a “jobs program” for NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, as well as for its key contractors Boeing, Aerojet Rocketdyne and Northrop Grumman. 

    While SLS is far more powerful than SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket used to put satellites in orbit and take crews to the ISS, Elon Musk’s company is also working on a prototype rocket called Starship that will be capable of deep space exploration. 

    Starship’s last three test flights have ended in stunning explosions, but analysts believe the mishaps could paradoxically be accelerating the spaceship’s development, eventually making it a viable alternative to SLS. 

    Source: https://www.ndtv.com/science/nasa-successfully-conducts-second-test-of-giant-moon-rocket-2394091

    19Mar, 2021
    How to make all headphones intelligent

    Engineers can turn ‘dumb’ headphones into smart ones by turning them into sensors 

    How do you turn “dumb” headphones into smart ones? Rutgers engineers have invented a cheap and easy way by transforming headphones into sensors that can be plugged into smartphones, identify their users, monitor their heart rates and perform other services. 

    Their invention, called HeadFi, is based on a small plug-in headphone adapter that turns a regular headphone into a sensing device. Unlike smart headphones, regular headphones lack sensors. HeadFi would allow users to avoid having to buy a new pair of smart headphones with embedded sensors to enjoy sensing features. 

    “HeadFi could turn hundreds of millions of existing, regular headphones worldwide into intelligent ones with a simple upgrade,” said Xiaoran Fan, a HeadFi primary inventor. He is a recent Rutgers doctoral graduate who completed the research during his final year at the university and now works at Samsung Artificial Intelligence Center. 

    A peer-reviewed Rutgers-led paper on the invention, which results in “earable intelligence,” will be formally published in October at MobiCom 2021, the top international conference on mobile computing and mobile and wireless networking. 

    Headphones are among the most popular wearable devices worldwide and they continue to become more intelligent as new functions appear, such as touch-based gesture control, the paper notes. Such functions usually rely on auxiliary sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and microphones that are available on many smart headphones. 

    HeadFi turns the two drivers already inside all headphones into a versatile sensor, and it works by connecting headphones to a pairing device, such as a smartphone. It does not require adding auxiliary sensors and avoids changes to headphone hardware or the need to customize headphones, both of which may increase their weight and bulk. By plugging into HeadFi, a converted headphone can perform sensing tasks and play music at the same time. 

    The engineers conducted experiments with 53 volunteers using 54 pairs of headphones with estimated prices ranging from $2.99 to $15,000. HeadFi can achieve 97.2 percent to 99.5 percent accuracy on user identification, 96.8 percent to 99.2 percent on heart rate monitoring and 97.7 percent to 99.3 percent on gesture recognition. 

    12Mar, 2021
    Metal-rich environment crucial for light giant planets, but not for heavy giant ones: Study

    Researchers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research investigated the host star properties for the directly imaged exoplanets to understand various formation scenarios for these wide orbit celestial objects. 

    Stars are largely made of hydrogen and helium with a small fraction of other elements. (Representative image) 

    A metal-rich environment of host stars is vital for the formation of Jupiter-type light, but it is not necessary for the long orbit heavy giant planets, a research on exoplanets has found. Planets called exoplanets orbit stars similar to the Sun, forming their own stellar system. 

    Researchers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research investigated the host star properties for the directly imaged exoplanets to understand various formation scenarios for these wide orbit celestial objects. 

    This study, which explored connections between the planet and host star properties, can help in understanding how planets form and evolve at large orbital distances. 

    With more than 4,300 planets discovered till date, it has become essential to characterise the exoplanets in terms of their various properties, the DST said. 

    Correlation between star and planet properties can provide vital clues about the possible formation and evolution scenarios. Stars are largely made of hydrogen and helium with a small fraction of other elements. In astronomical lingo, elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are collectively called as metals. 

    Metal content is an important parameter of the star, and there is a consensus that planets (small or large) are more likely to occur around metal-rich stars. 

    Although the stellar metallicity (property of being metallic) and planet occurrence rates for close-by systems have been investigated by many research groups, properties of stellar hosts of exoplanets, especially those located at large orbital distances, are not very well studied. 

    While scientists studying the short-orbit exoplanets had earlier found that a host star with a metal-rich environment provides the favourable condition for formation of Jupiter-type low-mass giant planets, the new study published in the Astronomical Journal suggests that this is not necessarily the case for the long orbit high-mass giant planets discovered by the direct imaging technique. 

    This finding seems consistent with an existing model called the core accretion model of planet formation, the DST added. 

    For planet mass greater than mass of Jupiter, the large scatter in metallicity distribution suggests that metallicity might not play a significant role in the formation of these celestial objects. 

    This means there is no single dominating mechanism for planet formation at wider orbits. Planets in remote orbits could form either by core accretion process or gravitational instability, the DST said. 

    Source: https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/metal-rich-environment-crucial-for-light-giant-planets-but-not-for-heavy-giant-ones-study/2210636/

    12Mar, 2021
    Summers May Last Nearly Half the Year in the Northern Hemisphere by 2100
    Four Seasons Changing
    Changes in average start dates and lengths of the four seasons in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes for 1952, 2011 and 2100. Credit: Wang et al 2020/Geophysical Research Letters/AGU

    Without efforts to mitigate climate change, summers spanning nearly six months may become the new normal by 2100 in the Northern Hemisphere, according to a new study. The change would likely have far-reaching impacts on agriculture, human health and the environment, according to the study authors. 

    In the 1950s in the Northern Hemisphere, the four seasons arrived in a predictable and fairly even pattern. But climate change is now driving dramatic and irregular changes to the length and start dates of the seasons, which may become more extreme in the future under a business-as-usual climate scenario. 

    “Summers are getting longer and hotter while winters shorter and warmer due to global warming,” said Yuping Guan, a physical oceanographer at the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and lead author of the new study in Geophysical Research Letters, AGU’s journal for high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences. 

    Guan was inspired to investigate changes to the seasonal cycle while mentoring an undergraduate student, co-author Jiamin Wang. “More often, I read some unseasonable weather reports, for example, false spring, or May snow, and the like,” Guan said. 

    The researchers used historical daily climate data from 1952 to 2011 to measure changes in the four seasons’ length and onset in the Northern Hemisphere. They defined the start of summer as the onset of temperatures in the hottest 25% during that time period, while winter began with temperatures in the coldest 25%. Next, the team used established climate change models to predict how seasons will shift in the future. 

    The new study found that, on average, summer grew from 78 to 95 days between 1952 to 2011, while winter shrank from 76 to 73 days. Spring and autumn also contracted from 124 to 115 days, and 87 to 82 days, respectively. Accordingly, spring and summer began earlier, while autumn and winter started later. The Mediterranean region and the Tibetan Plateau experienced the greatest changes to their seasonal cycles. 

    If these trends continue without any effort to mitigate climate change, the researchers predict that by 2100, winter will last less than two months, and the transitional spring and autumn seasons will shrink further as well. 

    “Numerous studies have already shown that the changing seasons cause significant environmental and health risks,” Guan said. For example, birds are shifting their migration patterns and plants are emerging and flowering at different times. These phenological changes can create mismatches between animals and their food sources, disrupting ecological communities. 

    Seasonal changes can also wreak havoc on agriculture, especially when false springs or late snowstorms damage budding plants. And with longer growing seasons, humans will breathe in more allergy-causing pollen, and disease-carrying mosquitoes can expand their range northward. 

    Going to extremes 

    This shift in the seasons may result in more severe weather events, said Congwen Zhu, a monsoon researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Institute of Climate System, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, who was not involved in the new study. 

    “A hotter and longer summer will suffer more frequent and intensified high-temperature events – heatwaves and wildfires,” Zhu said. Additionally, warmer, shorter winters may cause instability that leads to cold surges and winter storms, much like the recent snowstorms in Texas and Israel, he said. 

    “This is a good overarching starting point for understanding the implications of seasonal change,” said Scott Sheridan, a climate scientist at Kent State University who was not part of the new study. 

    It is difficult to conceptualize a 2- or 5-degree average temperature increase, he said, but “I think realizing that these changes will force potentially dramatic shifts in seasons probably has a much greater impact on how you perceive what climate change is doing.” 

    Reference: “Changing Lengths of the Four Seasons by Global Warming” by Jiamin Wang, Yuping Guan, Lixin Wu, Xiaodan Guan, Wenju Cai, Jianping Huang, Wenjie Dong and Banglin Zhang, 19 February 2021, Geophysical Research Letters. 
    DOI: 10.1029/2020GL091753 

    8Mar, 2021
    Everything you need to know about eSIM

    History of Sim Cards

    1991:

    There used to be Full-Size Sim Cards created in 1991 by the German company Giesecke and Devrient, the full-size SIM was about the same size as today’s Credit or Debit Cards.

    1996:

    Mini-SIM Cards came into existence in 1996 and were most commonly recognized. It was known as the standard SIM that fits all types of phones and stores all users’ information. Mini-SIM Cards came to an end completely after the innovation of Smartphones later after 2010. The Size of Standard-SIM or Mini-SIM is 25mm x 15mm.

    2003

    In 2003, Apple introduced the micro-SIM. It was essentially marketed as a more compact version of the previous mini-SIM. By 2010, the micro-SIM had become the standard SIM size for smartphones. The Size of Micro-SIM is 15mm x 12mm.

    2012:

    Nano-SIM was introduced in 2012, which is quite a smaller and thinner version of the micro-SIM. Even in 2021, this is still considered to be the standard SIM card size. The Size of Nano-SIM is 12.3mm x 8.8mm.

    Image Credits: vodafone.co.uk

    What is an eSIM? The Future is here:

    eSIM refers to an electronic or embedded SIM that is used instead of physical SIM cards to make life easier.. It is a small chip that works similarly to the NFC chip used for payment technology like Google Pay or Samsung Pay and Apple Pay.

    The Google Pixel 2 was the first smartphone to support and promote eSIM technology with an in-built application for managing your eSIM. Further, for iOS, iPhone XS offered eSIM technology with the support of Physical SIM cards too.

    With that being said, the eSIM technology is the future, and it will take time to dominate the market.

    How eSIM will benefit you?

    • It helps to make devices or smartphones compact and tiny so that your other components like batteries, Chipsets get more space to fit in your smartphone.
    • Moving from Physical to Electronic is the main motive and concept of the Internet World, and this eSIM technology will definitely be the innovation for the Modern Era.
    • No more Physical contact/damage with/to your SIM Cards.
    • It is Easier to Switch between the networks
    • There’s no chance of losing your eSIM

    Disadvantages of eSIM:

    • It is not the cheapest option available.
    • There are very few eSIM capable devices in the market.
    • Switching phones is complicated.
    • Highly possibility of getting Hacked.

    Source: https://www.technotification.com/2021/02/everything-you-need-to-know-about-esim.html

    6Mar, 2021
    #RIPRSA – A new algorithm can potentially destroy RSA

    Fast Factoring Integers by SVP Algorithms “destroys RSA”

    The new SLV algorithm has paved the way to crack the world’s strongest encryption techniques RSA

    If it is true and gets implement to practical use before the current pandemic ends, it will open up another pandemic. This is going to challenge the entire digital system and possibly break all the security system which we aware of to this date.

    What is RSA encryption?

    Let’s say you want to tell your friend a secret. If you’re right next to them, you can just whisper it. If you are on opposite sides of the country, that obviously won’t work. You could write it down and mail it to them, or use the phone, but each of these communication channels is insecure and anyone with strong enough motivation could easily intercept the message.

    If the secret was important enough, you wouldn’t risk writing it down normally–spies or a rogue postal employee could be looking through your mail. Likewise, someone could be tapping your phone without your knowledge and logging every single call you make.

    One solution to prevent eavesdroppers from accessing message contents is to encrypt it. This means to add a code to the message which changes it into a jumbled mess. If your code is sufficiently complex, then the only people who will be able to access the original message are those who have access to the code.

    If you had a chance to share the code with your friend beforehand, then either of you can send an encrypted message at any time, knowing that you two are the only ones with the ability to read the message contents. But what if you didn’t have a chance to share the code beforehand?

    This is one of the fundamental problems of cryptography, which has been addressed by public-key encryption schemes like RSA.

    Under RSA encryption, messages are encrypted with a code called a public key, which can be shared openly. Due to some distinct mathematical properties of the RSA algorithm, once a message has been encrypted with the public key, it can only be decrypted by another key, known as the private key. Each RSA user has a key pair consisting of their public and private keys. As the name suggests, the private key must be kept secret.

    RSA is useful for communicating in situations where there has been no opportunity to safely distribute keys beforehand.

    Where is RSA encryption used?

    RSA encryption is often used in combination with other encryption schemes, or for digital signatures which can prove the authenticity and integrity of a message. It isn’t generally used to encrypt entire messages or files, because it is less efficient and more resource-heavy than symmetric-key encryption.

    To make things more efficient, a file will generally be encrypted with a symmetric-key algorithm, and then the symmetric key will be encrypted with RSA encryption. Under this process, only an entity that has access to the RSA private key will be able to decrypt the symmetric key.

    Without being able to access the symmetric key, the original file can’t be decrypted. This method can be used to keep messages and files secure, without taking too long or consuming too many computational resources.

    As one of the first widely used public-key encryption schemes, RSA laid the foundations for much of our secure communications. It was traditionally used in TLS and was also the original algorithm used in PGP encryption. RSA is still seen in a range of web browsers, email, VPNs, chat, and other communication channels.

    RSA is also often used to make secure connections on the Internet, between VPN clients and VPN servers. Under protocols like OpenVPN, TLS handshakes can use the RSA algorithm to exchange keys and establish a secure channel.

    Why do we need to worry if RSA is broken?

    A great deal here would depend on how and to what degree it was broken. The Internet would probably collapse until all of its protocols could be re-designed. 

    You would probably not be able to verify websites or encrypt your traffic.

    When you want to know whether a website is legitimate, you have to check the certificate. These certificates are signed with the RSA key of a certificate authority. If someone found a practical way to forge RSA signatures, then you wouldn’t be able to verify any site that you visit.

    Also, RSA is one of the available encryption algorithms for the Transport Layer Security protocol (or TLS). Every time you log in to a website, your password is encrypted using this protocol. So someone who could break RSA might be able to steal your passwords.

    Other available encryption methods can be used in TLS. But if RSA were broken, the others likely would be as well.  

    Is it the end or just the beginning of the new challenges to cryptography?

    Cryptography is an evolving field. We have always faced new challenges and we figure out what is next in our human evolution. We will find the next strong crypto algorithm which will take years to break. Often that doesn’t mean that we will have a foolproof solution but the devices in that generation will wait for a decade for a new generation to come and to be broken. We will play the catch up came with one after another.

    Things to remind while developing any cryptography is to assume for the worst… Always build your security more than you need and keep it as a thumb rule. When unexpected things happen you will be happy that you did prepare for the worst.

    #RSA #destroysRSA #SVPAlgorithm #information_security #RIPRSA #InternetSecurity #SSL #TLS

    5Mar, 2021
    This soft robot withstands crushing pressures at the ocean’s greatest depths
    robot swimming in South China Sea
    Inspired by the deep-sea snailfish, researchers designed a soft autonomous robot that can swim in deep ocean waters. Here it navigates about 3,200 meters deep in the South China Sea.

    The team, led by roboticist Guorui Li of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, successfully field-tested the robot’s ability to swim at depths ranging from 70 meters to nearly 11,000 meters, it reports March 4 in Nature.
    Challenger Deep is the lowest of the low, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench. It bottoms out at about 10,900 meters below sea level (SN: 12/11/12). The pressure from all that overlying water is about a thousand times the atmospheric pressure at sea level, translating to about 103 million pascals (or 15,000 pounds per square inch).
    The tremendous pressures at these hadal depths — the deepest ocean zone, between 6,000 and 11,000 meters — present a tough engineering challenge, Gerringer says. Traditional deep-sea robots or manned submersibles are heavily reinforced with rigid metal frames so as not to crumple — but these vessels are bulky and cumbersome, and the risk of structural failure remains high.
    Gerringer, one of the researchers who first described the deep-sea snailfish in 2014, constructed a 3-D printed soft robot version of it several years later to better understand how it swims. Her robot contained a synthesized version of the watery goo inside the fish’s body that most likely adds buoyancy and helps it swim more efficiently (SN: 1/3/18).
    But devising a robot that can swim under extreme pressure to investigate the deep-sea environment is another matter. Autonomous exploration robots require electronics not only to power their movement, but also to perform various tasks, whether testing water chemistry, lighting up and filming the denizens of deep ocean trenches, or collecting samples to bring back to the surface. Under the squeeze of water pressure, these electronics can grind against one another.
    This machine “pushes the boundaries of what can be achieved” with biologically inspired soft robots, write robotocists Cecilia Laschi of the National University of Singapore and Marcello Calisti of the University of Lincoln in England. The pair have a commentary on the research in the same issue of Nature. That said, the machine is still a long way from deployment, they note. It swims more slowly than other underwater robots, and doesn’t yet have the power to withstand powerful underwater currents. But it “lays the foundations” for future such robots to help answer lingering questions about these mysterious reaches of the ocean, they write
    Deep-sea trenches are known to be teeming with microbial life, which happily feed on the bonanza of organic material — from algae to animal carcasses — that finds its way to the bottom of the sea. That microbial activity hints that the trenches may play a significant role in Earth’s carbon cycle, which is in turned linked to the planet’s regulation of its climate.The discovery of microplastics in Challenger Deep is also incontrovertible evidence that even the bottom of the ocean isn’t really that far away, Gerringer says (SN: 11/20/20). “We’re impacting these deep-water systems before we’ve even found out what’s down there. We have a responsibility to help connect these seemingly otherworldly systems, which are really part of our planet.”


    Source: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-soft-robot-snailfish-crushing-pressures-deep-ocean

    2Mar, 2021
    Microsoft Teams

    Microsoft teams  எனும்  app Teamwork -காக  பணிபுரியும் இடங்களுக்கு மிகவும் பயன் உள்ளதாக இருக்கும் ஒரு இணையதள செயலி.  இதை நாம் Mobile, Laptop, Desktop  இப்படி அனைத்து Machine மூலமும் பயன்படுத்திக் கொள்ளலாம்.  இதில் பயன்பாடுகள் அதிகமாக உள்ளது.  ஒரு கம்பெனியில் முக்கியமான கலந்துரையாடலுக்கு ஒரே நேரத்தில் பலநபர்களுடன் தொடர்பு கொள்ள ஏதுவாக உள்ளது.  Microsoft teams –யை  https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-teams/group-chat-software  இந்த website -ல் சென்று  பதிவிறக்கம்  செய்து கொள்ளலாம்.  இதை  முதன்முறையாக  செயல்படுத்துவதற்கு Username /Password கொண்டு Sign in செய்துக் கொள்ள  வேண்டும்.  இதில்  தனிநபருக்கோ அல்லது  ஒரே நேரத்தில்  அனைவருக்கும்  என File -களை அனுப்பிக்கொள்ளலாம்.

    Microsoft Teams எனும் இந்த செயலியானது  அலுவலக பணிகளுக்கு  மிகவும் பயன்  உள்ளதாக  இருக்கிறது.  இதில்  அலுவலகத்தில்  மட்டுமல்லாமல் அலுவலக  நேரம்  தவிர  மற்ற  நேரங்களிலும் அலுவலக  தகவல்களை  பெற  இந்த செயலி உதவுகிறது.  தற்போதய  இயந்திர  உலகத்தில்  அனைத்தும் இணைய  வழியில்  மூலமாக  தான்  தகவல் தொடர்பு என்பது  நடைபெற்றுக் கொண்டு உள்ளது.  அது  போன்ற  தகவல் பரிமாணங்களுக்கு  இந்த Microsoft Teams எனும் செயலி பயனுள்ளது.

    இந்த செயலியில் Activity, Chat, Calls, Video calls, Meeting, Files என நிறைய options உள்ளது.  options என்பது  நாம்  teams மூலம் எந்த  வகையான  பணியினை  செய்ய  தொடங்க  உள்ளோம்  என்பதற்கு  நாம்  செய்ய வேலைபாடுகள்  அதில்  நாம்  காணலாம்.  Chating  மூலம் முக்கிய தகவல்களையோ,  சந்தேகங்களையோ  பரிமாறிக் கொள்ளலாம்.   அதே நேரத்தில் Calls  மூலம்  பல  நபருகளுடன்  பேசிக்கொள்ளலாம்.  மேலும் இதில் Meeting schedule செய்து கொள்ளலாம்  மற்றும்  அனைவரும்  ஒரே  நேரத்தில் Meeting -ல் கலந்து கொள்ளலாம்.  இதில்  Files Transfer செய்வது மிகவும் எளிது. ஒரே நேரத்தில் Fils, Photos இப்படி தேவையான தகவல்களை அனுப்பிக் கொள்ளலாம். Teams -ல் உள்ள  ஒவ்வொருவருக்கும் தனித்தனியாகவும் அல்லது common ஆகவும் எல்லா விதமான Files -களை  அனுப்பி வைக்க  முடியும்.  மேலும் Microsoft teams -ல் அனைவருக்கும்  அல்லாமல் குறிப்பிட்ட  நபருக்கு  மட்டும் தனிப்பட்ட  Channel  ஒன்றை  உருவாக்க  முடியும்.  இதன்  நோக்கம்  குறிப்பிட்ட சில  அலுவலக  தகவல்களை  சிலருக்கு  மட்டும்  பகிர்வதற்கு பயன்படுத்தபடுவது.  இந்த  தனிப்பட்ட  Channel -ளை  உருவாக்குவதற்கு Teams -ல்  நுழைந்து  More options -ல்  சென்று

    Add channel கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.  பிறகு Name and description -யை கொடுக்க  வேண்டும்  பிறகு  select Private – Accessible only to a specific group of people within the team -யை Select செய்ய  வேண்டும்  பின்பு  Select Add -ல் நமக்கு  தேவையான  நபர்களை  மட்டும் தேர்வு செய்து கொள்ளலாம்.  நாம்  அனுப்பும்  குறிப்பிட்ட  தகவல்  நாம் Select செய்து நபருகளுக்கு மட்டும் பகிர்ந்து கொள்ளலாம்.

    https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-channel-in-teams-fda0b75e-5b90-4fb8-8857-7e102b014525 – எனும் இணைய முகவரியில் இருந்து Channel Created செய்வது  எப்படி  என்தை  மிகவும்  எளிதாக  கற்றுக் கொள்ளலாம். இதே  போன்று  இன்னும்  பல  Options -கள்  இந்த  செயலில்  உள்ளன.