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16Feb, 2023

Top 10 Careers in Science

For most people, a job in science is profitable, fulfilling, innovative, and demanding. It allows you to expand and increase your information while also assisting you in comprehending your surroundings and the people around you. Knowing about various science occupations might help you make the best career decision. This article will look at several science occupations, critical tasks, and average salaries to help you choose the correct path and careers in science.

Top Science Careers to Look For in 2022

Science is a multi-disciplined field with a significant potential for progress. It offers a dynamic work atmosphere and an extensive learning and exploration area. Let’s explore various careers in science now.

Physicist

Physics researchers look into the qualities of matter, energy, and time. A few physicists usually conduct further theoretical research to find out more about how the universe actually works. In contrast, others run applied research to apply theoretical knowledge to actual processes or devices to improve the technology we use.

Physics helps in answering vital issues like how the universe came into existence and what are the natural principles that govern the interactions between energy and matter. Physics research may be utilized to develop new communication systems, alternative energy sources, and more sophisticated medical technologies.

Chemist

A chemist can also be regarded as a scientist who studies the characteristics and reactions of chemicals. They examine a variety of chemical substances, both organic and inorganic. They experiment with chemical substances to better understand their behavior, produce new compounds, or improve current ones. Their key responsibilities include doing quality control checks on chemical experiments and providing reports on the test and analysis findings and conclusions.

Astronomer

Astronomers investigate space structures such as stars, planets, galaxies, and black holes. They study these items’ features, movements, and compositions, recording and analyzing data meticulously. This is another science that requires the ability to do complex mathematical calculations. Astronomers employ telescopes and other ground-based equipment and equipment that has already been launched into space, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, to conduct their research.

Spacetech

While doctors, engineers, biologists, and pharmacists are unquestionable employment alternatives for scientific students, young individuals’ interest in space sciences is slowly growing. Nonetheless, as technology becomes more integrated into practically every field of study, space technology is gaining traction.

To work in the space technology industry, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree in space sciences and mechanical engineering. However, for those interested in unraveling the secrets of space. Also, this is quite an exciting career option for people who are interested in space.

The ones who work in space technology and science can earn a few thousand to a few lakhs per month. The scope of this discipline is still expanding, creating limitless chances for advancement.

Geology

Geology is for you interested in rocks, Earth, soil, and land. Geologists are scientists who specialize in Earth and soil science. These experts examine a region and foresee probable threats such as earthquakes and volcanoes. Based on this research, they produce designs for builders and construction businesses to build structures.

Geology is a vital yet underappreciated and unusual science. A four-year bachelor’s degree in geology can be combined with a master’s or PhD for further specialization to become a geologist. The income is not as high as the professions indicated above because it is a relatively underestimated and unorthodox topic of study. However, because this is a passion-driven job, earnings increase as expenses increase. Starting salaries might range from INR 3.5 lakh to INR 5 lakh per year.

Geoscientists

Do you prefer to study something closer to home? Geoscientists examine the structure, composition, processes, and physical qualities of the Earth. By understanding more about the Earth, these scientists can better appreciate its history and predict future changes. Geology, geochemistry, geophysics, petroleum geology, seismology, oceanography, paleontology, and engineering geology are all disciplines within the geosciences subject. Which geosciences profession is best for you? It depends upon what you want to learn and how you want to apply your knowledge.

Geoscientists investigate everything from rock formation to earthquakes, and their job can range from theoretical studies to utilizing their knowledge to find petroleum deposits for drilling. Diverse types of geoscientists may pursue quite different objectives. Some people work to protect the environment or restore it, while others look for petroleum or other natural resources.

Data Analyst

A data analyst collects and organizes disparate data to produce a valid result. They create databases and data collection systems and deploy them. Their primary responsibility is to find, analyze, and interpret data trends and patterns from a large quantity of data. They collect insightful data and establish company plans using statistical techniques and various data analysis technologies.

A data analyst requires an advanced understanding of several data analysis tools, statistics, math, and communication skills. To become a data analyst, you can study computer modeling, analytics, or related disciplines in your bachelor’s or master’s degree.

Atmospheric Researchers

Do you have a wish to become a weather forecaster? Why not look into climate change? Atmospheric scientists are experts who study the atmosphere to understand better and solve problems ranging from severe storms and air pollution to droughts and climate change impacts. Atmospheric scientists collect temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed.

They use mathematical and computer models to examine the information. Atmospheric scientists utilize their meteorological data to convey present weather conditions and – and perhaps more crucially – to forecast future weather conditions, both in the immediate and long term.

Atmospheric scientists issue a public warning if severe weather risks injury or property damage. Weather balloons, satellites, radar systems, and computer software are among the equipment used by atmospheric scientists in their studies.

Zoology

Animal anatomy, physiology, development, and categorization are all studied in zoology, a branch of biology that examines animals and animal life. A zoologist is a scientist who specializes in the study of animals.

Biotechnology

A Biotechnology course will pique your interest if you are interested in biology and are fascinated by the dynamics of technology. Furthermore, combining Nanotechnology and Biotechnology courses opens up many professional options, particularly in research and academia. To advance in this sector, you can pursue a BSc in Biotechnology or a BTech in Biotechnology.

Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/careers-in-science-article

14Feb, 2023

Skyview Networks Suffers Security Incident

An unauthorized person or group gained access to internal systems used by Skyview Networks this week, disrupting the delivery of the CBS World News Roundup and other programming to radio affiliates on Monday.

The issue was confirmed in an email sent to Radio Ink by Steve Jones, the president and CEO of Skyview, who said the company “experienced unauthorized access to its IT environment, resulting in interrupted technical services.”

“Skyview activated its comprehensive incident response plan,” Jones affirmed. “We have initiated advanced monitoring and threat detection across our systems and data. We have also involved industry-leading forensic experts to help us contain and investigate the incident. These efforts are fully underway.”

Jones said specific information about the cyberattack could not be disclosed at this time, because the investigation and response are still ongoing. “Our highest priority is the security and protection of all data, and we are cooperating with authorities on this matter,” he affirmed.

Stations were notified about the issue Monday morning when CBS News Radio sent a bulletin urging them to replace the slot where CBS World News Round would normally air with local programming, according to a copy of the message obtained by Radio Ink. Some stations were eventually able to obtain CBS News Radio spots, including the hourly bulletins, through other means while Skyview worked on the issue.

The problem lasted well into the evening, with stations unable to get access to some of Skyview’s other programming, including XYZ with Erik Zachary. Web portals used by stations to access spots and programming were down throughout the day, and equipment used by radio affiliates to obtain Skyview content experienced severe problems when reset, according to numerous station officials.

In a memo sent to affiliates on Tuesday and obtained by Radio Ink, Skyview warned stations not to reboot their XDS receivers while the company continues to investigate the issue.

Jones said Skyview apologized for the disruption caused to client stations, and that the company will “provide our business clients with service updates and request that, as you receive this information, you treat it with sensitivity as we pursue a successful resolution.”

Resource : https://radioink.com/2023/02/01/skyview-networks-suffers-security-incident/

14Feb, 2023

What is ChatGPT? And will it steal our jobs?

What’s the context?

ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence text generator, is being hailed as the future of work, but not everyone is convinced

ChatGPT is an AI tool that can generate human-like text
Technologists see this as a disruptor of many jobs
Engineers and artists are pushing back against generative AI

LONDON – A new artificial intelligence model called ChatGPT is making waves as technologists promote it as a new tool that will revolutionise how people work.

The tool comes from OpenAI, a for-profit research organisation co-founded by Elon Musk and investor Sam Altman, and backed by billions in funding from Microsoft.

Some advocates predict ChatGPT will result in automating jobs away from human beings, although critics have argued that AI and robotics do not yet have the capability for that.

But already, some schools and universities have responded by limiting or banning its use by students.

Google owner Alphabet Inc announced on Monday it would launch its own chatbot service called Bard and more artificial intelligence for its search engine as well as developers.

Chinese tech giant Baidu Inc said on Tuesday it would complete internal testing of its own ChatGPT-style project called “Ernie” in March.

So what is ChatGPT, and is it coming for your job?

Resource : https://www.context.news/ai/what-is-chatgpt-and-will-it-steal-our-jobs

7Feb, 2023

Mobile device security 101

Personal mobile devices, which are often used for work purposes, are attractive targets for a variety of attacks on corporate infrastructure. Let us look at the features of Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) systems and learn how they can help protect against targeted attacks targeting mobile devices.

In terms of technology, modern smartphones and tablets often surpass the capabilities of a typical employee workstation. The number of mobile devices has been rapidly increasing. It surpassed the number of workstations back in 2015. Being both a personal device (with an installed banking app, user correspondence, photo, and video materials) and, at the same time, an access point to corporate resources, a mobile device is a real treasure trove for a wide range of cyber-attacks.

Actually, all possible vectors of attacks on workstations are only a subset of attacks on mobile devices due to the presence of many sensors (accelerometer, magnetometer GPS, etc.), admin rights, limited capabilities of antivirus software, not perfect backup and disaster recovery procedures, and uncontrolled connections to insecure wireless networks.

The issue is made worse because a basic attack targeting only a user’s personal area often can also pose threats to corporate resources, since multi-factor authentication, a common protective measure, is ineffective when a mobile device has been hacked. It is worth noting that keyloggers and other types of spyware can cause a range of other security issues that should not be overlooked.

As smartphones emerged, the need to safeguard mobile devices led to the development of modified Endpoint Protection Platforms. These new EPPs were explicitly designed to work with mobile operating systems.

The formation and evolution of EDR, XDR, and EPP solutions for mobile device protection

The creation of security solutions for endpoints and, in particular, mobile platforms is closely related to the understanding of attack vectors targeting both a specific device and the infrastructure of an organization as a whole.

Initially, mobile security products were similar to those used on desktop computers. These solutions only included a basic antivirus scanner that primarily used signature detection and a simple firewall. They even could not always send reports to a central server. Obviously, this is not enough in current conditions as attackers use various methods such as introducing malware, exfiltrating\altering data, and network compromise to carry out attacks.

According to OWASP, the top 10 security risks (including those that threaten mobile apps) include attacks that are far beyond the scope of traditional antivirus solutions. For instance, in recent years, issues related to Broken Access Control have become more common. These problems often occur in legitimate third-party apps on the device rather than in traditional forms of malware.

The mobile device protection industry has grown to include a broader range of capabilities and expanded coverage. Companies that create mobile security solutions now offer control over network connections, protection against fraudulent apps and SMS phishing, and application access control. According to Gartner, there are over ten essential components that a mobile device protection solution must have in order to be considered a market leader and be included in their “magic quadrant.”

EPP solutions provide excellent protection against new threats based on already-known malware. However, more sophisticated means are required to protect against less massive, targeted, more aggressive, and more sophisticated attacks. An endpoint security system needs to adapt to the contemporary landscape of complex threats. It must be able to detect advanced attacks aimed at endpoints and quickly respond to detected incidents.

Such solutions form an independent class of applications – Endpoint Detection and Response, EDR. Gartner researchers identify several mandatory properties of these solutions: prevention, detection, response, and prediction.

Modern EDRs can:

Provide real-time monitoring of endpoints.
Detect and prioritize information security incidents.
Record and store information on events occurring at endpoints.
Provide information for incident investigations.
Respond to incidents.
Interact with EPP solutions.

Serious threats can go unnoticed if data for analysis is collected from each device separately. Next-generation solutions (XDR) aim to provide a more comprehensive view of an organization’s security posture by collecting and analyzing data from multiple devices and infrastructure elements. This allows them to detect and respond to threats more effectively, as they can automatically correlate events and actions across the entire organization. XDR systems are designed to cover all security levels of various devices simultaneously.

XDR collects information from various sources and uses statistical models and machine learning to identify incidents that EDR or EPP solutions would not be able to detect on a single device or when the event is not deemed suspicious on a single device. The unified management console of an XDR system enables you to view, analyze, and respond to threats very quickly. This leads to an improvement in both the overall security of the organization’s infrastructure and the accuracy of alerts.

EDR/XDR and fraud detection solutions

The greater the number of sources of information for analysis, the more accurate systems based on machine learning techniques become. When mobile devices are used, it is possible to increase the amount of data gathered in order to identify anomalies and incidents.

A method that utilizes a significant number of indicators has already proven effective in anti-fraud solutions for safeguarding bank clients from fraud. The banking system analyzes a user’s typical behavior, habits, transactions and alerts the bank about non-standard or risky actions. This is similar to how a comprehensive EDR/XDR security solution operates.

The basic tech characteristics being analyzed are similar to those used for a laptop or workstation:

Versions of applications and operating systems.
Any hidden or malicious apps installed.
System and network settings.
Whether apps have access to important functions, such as the camera.

This information is complemented by characteristics specific to mobile devices, such as phone calls and SMS history, location, etc. Some solutions already analyze activity from popular messaging apps like WhatsApp or Telegram, which are increasingly becoming the primary way people communicate.

When analyzing the most advanced attacks, researchers have long noted that the weakest point is the user. Knowing user habits allows voice assistants to guess their preferences. At the same time, it enables security solutions to understand possible negative phenomena in advance. It is no longer enough to rely on antivirus alone. You need a lot of data and advanced analysis tools to deal with modern attacks comprehensively.

Resource : https://www.securityinfowatch.com/cybersecurity/article/21292863/mobile-device-security-101

7Feb, 2023

Rise in cyber threats demand new strategies for data recovery

We are more connected than ever in this digital era, and those connections are faster and increasingly more immediate. Advanced technologies are accelerating incredible achievements for businesses and consumers.

While technology offers significant benefits, it has also made it easier for those who seek to gain an advantage by exploiting others. Hidden in the digital web of interconnections are people intent on stealing your content or holding it to a hefty ransom for its return, making the information age a double-edged sword.

Today’s organizations need digital sentries and multiple lines of defense against cybercrime, which can devastate a business when it hits and impact it for years after the initial attack.

Ransomware has been steadily growing in prominence and impact since the 2017 WannaCry ransomware outbreak that infiltrated systems around the world. While criminals develop more advanced techniques, the fundamentals of ransomware remain the same. Attackers penetrate a network, find and encrypt data, and demand payment for a decryption key.

The threat of ransomware is increasing quickly. It’s not a question of “if” but of “when” you will face this challenge. Choosing between ransom payments or suffering data loss is costly and risky.

The impact of an attack is enormous, and the costs associated with cyberattacks, including lost business, insurance rate hikes, lawsuits, criminal investigations, and bad press, can even put a company out of business – and fast. Here are just a few of the many data breaches that occurred during the past two years and their costly toll:

The New York Times reported that T-Mobile Reached a $500 Million Settlement in a Huge 2021 Data Breach: The company, which said the hacking had affected 76.6 million people, agreed to pay $350 million to settle claims and spend $150 million to bolster security.
Insiders reported that global insurance provider CNA Financial forked over a reported mind-blowing $40 million post-cyber-attack last year.
The Washington Post reported that a ransomware attack on U.S. software provider Kaseya in 2021 targeted the firm’s remote-computer-management tool and endangered up to 2,000 companies globally.

While there are many strategies for mitigating the risks associated with cyber threats, such as ransomware, each comes with challenges. Backup is a critical means of recovery, yet decades-old legacy enterprise backup solutions were not designed to handle the scale and complexity of today’s data. And this problem continues to grow. Terabytes of data are rapidly becoming petabytes to exabytes of data and beyond. IDC predicts the world’s collective data will reach 175 zettabytes by 2025.

Backup is Broken

Traditional backup as we know it is broken, and here’s why:

Backups are periodically done in batches – when data recovery is needed, the last available copy could be more than 24 hours old, resulting in permanently lost data and/or recent changes.
Backup is outdated – snapshot-based legacy backup software, developed decades ago, still uses agents to protect and recover virtual machines, resulting in high maintenance costs, time wasted on administration, or even failed recoveries.
It’s expensive – aside from costs associated with impacts on production and resources, legacy backup requires multiple licenses, additional agent purchases, and increased IT infrastructure costs.
Legacy backup tools are complex – they use distributed systems for data transfer, requiring dedicated hardware, extensive configuration, and a lot of IT time and resources.
It’s disruptive – legacy backup jobs often don’t complete in time, disrupt production environments with unplanned downtime, and heavily burden already constrained IT resources.

And it’s slow – legacy backup copying processes place an enormous load on your production environment, causing network lag and downtime.

A New Backup Paradigm to Recover Data Instantaneously

What’s needed is continuous data availability. This approach would provide a strong first line of defense against cyber threats, enabling organizations to recover compromised data easily and almost instantly. And yet, continuous data availability has been out of reach given the weaknesses of traditional backup. Business leaders have been forced to accept levels of data loss, measured by recovery point objectives (RPO), and downtime, measured by recovery time objectives (RTO).

Traditionally, backup occurs outside the operating system data path. As data volumes increase exponentially – both in the number of files and the amount of data generated – backup systems that scan file systems are no longer feasible, particularly as we enter the realms of billions of files and petabytes or more data.

A new approach would make the file system and backup one and the same. As a result, every change in the file system would be recorded as it happens, end users could recover lost data without the assistance of IT, and finding files would be easy, regardless of when they may have existed, and across the entire time continuum. Such an approach would redefine enterprise storage by converging storage and data resilience into one system. Every change that occurs in the data path would be captured. This approach would not require decryption keys, users could just unwind ransomware events with a single operation.

Current backup and recovery solutions are not where the world needs them to be, but that doesn’t mean we should settle for less. In 2023, there will be an increased focus on the “first line of defense,” where cyberattacks are stopped altogether or can be swiftly unwound without recourse to backups. Instead of taking hours, days, and sometimes weeks or more, recovery would take place almost immediately.

Backup that sits within the operating system data path could enable continuous data access. This method could provide unprecedented data protection, making it possible to approach the ideal of zero RTO, giving users control of searching and recovering data immediately without IT assistance, and an RPO of zero, eliminating the significant cost and impact of data loss and interrupted data access.

Anything more is a compromise that exposes organizations to increased risk of data and financial loss. Companies should push vendors to achieve zero RPO and zero RTO and seek out solutions that achieve those objectives.

Resource : https://www.securityinfowatch.com/cybersecurity/information-security/breach-detection/article/21294365/rise-in-cyber-threats-demand-new-strategies-for-data-recovery

6Feb, 2023

5 Remote Work Security Problems – And How to Solve Them

The conversation around remote working, or working from home, often paints it as a phenomenon brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. But that’s not entirely true — many web entrepreneurs, freelancers and employees with work-from-home permits have been “working from anywhere with internet access” for years.

That said, the pandemic certainly made working from home a new norm in the daily life of the global population: In 2020, a major portion of the traditional workforce shifted to working partially or entirely from home via remote access. And what’s more, this model is shaping up to become the standard — even as stay-at-home orders have eased. (Also read: Bye Bye Boss, Hello Office of the Future: 2022 Coronavirus Edition.)

Unfortunately, this shift opened a gold mine to cybercriminals, who didn’t waste a minute before taking advantage of the swathes of less-than-cybersecurity-aware employees accessing confidential information from their home networks. In response, many companies are trying their best to enhance security features in their network to prevent hackers from stealing data. To do this, maintaining web browser security has become essential to ensuring the remote workforce runs safely and smoothly.

Want to make sure your browser is safe for remote work? Here are five things that may be compromising your browser security, and how to fix them:

1. Your Browser History

Your browser history lists the websites you visit when surfing the internet. If malicious actors have access to this information, they can launch phishing attacks against you to get your credentials for those sites. Your credit card, debit cards, or bank details can be compromised to web criminals in this way. (Also read: 10 Biggest Data Breaches of All Time – And How to Prevent Them.)

The Solution

Clear your browser cache. This is a good way to remove sensitive information, especially after online banking. You can clear your cache manually or automate it to clear when you close your browser.

Saved log-in credentials associated with your email account are vulnerable. That’s because all attackers need to get into (and lock you out of) your accounts is access to your email: Once they have that, they can reset the password to any website you access using credentials associated with your email.

What’s more, cybercriminals don’t need to be present in front of your computer to steal your data in this way. If they manage to get your email address and password, they can work from any remote location using the internet.

The Solution

Avoid saving login credentials in your web browser. Instead, use a password manager to store your credentials using a central master password.

3. Autofill Information

Autofill information can also be dangerous. When you log into a website, some browsers will prompt you to save your password for a quick one-click log-in. Some browsers can also autofill your home address while shopping online.

While it seems convenient, this could be a threat to your browser security: If your device falls in the wrong hands, attackers may find out your home address.

The Solution

Remove any confidential information or personal details that may already be stored in your browser’s autofill feature.
Turn off your browser’s autofill feature.

4. Browser Extensions

Browser extensions require access permissions into confidential areas like browsing history, website content, or perhaps login credentials. As extensions run internally within internet browsers, anti-virus software packages usually can’t observe malicious extensions. Thus, cybercriminals can take this as an opportunity to develop malware-infested extensions and hack users data. These malicious extensions sometimes redirect users to phishing sites or sites containing malicious downloads. (Also read: Social Engineering Attacks: 3 Strategies to Mitigate Risk.)

The Solution

Be cautious before choosing browser extensions. Use only genuine extensions; and only use extensions if you need them.

5. Browser Cookies

Websites put cookies in computers that help to identify users in the network and their internet surfing behaviors. Cookies are stored locally on your computer. Like browsing history, cookies can reveal any confidential information captured from your internet surfing and online work.

The Solution

Disabling cookies could be a solution, but it would affect website functionalities. Instead, Purging cookies periodically can help you stay safe online. Some other recommended precautionary measures include:

Locking your computer when you’re away from it.
Changing your browser settings for better privacy
Activating two-factor authentication for a website.

Resource : https://www.techopedia.com/5-remote-work-security-problems-and-how-to-solve-them/2/34518

6Feb, 2023

AI in the Enterprise: 3 Key Application Areas

Artificial intelligence (AI) is firmly in the enterprise mainstream these days, working mostly behind the scenes to streamline and automate business processes. In the coming year, however, we should start to see it take a more visible role as it learns to communicate directly with both the knowledge workforce and the public at large.

AI is an extremely sophisticated technology that, so far, has remained confined to the world of data science and high-end analytics. This tends to inhibit its use in typical production environments, however, because of the highly specialized skillsets needed to exploit its full value. Even in high-tech fields like finance and health care, AI has shown it can augment key functions, but only at the hands of those who know how to use it — a class of professionals that is still in short supply.

In order to truly propel the digital transformation of the enterprise, AI will need to be democratized across the knowledge workforce so that even those with little to no training can use it to increase their productivity.

This transition has only just begun, however, with Deloitte noting recently that only in the past year has the technology evolved from a “bothersome critic” in the workplace to a “copilot independently executing on insights and trends.” Based on extensive interviews with leading enterprise executives, the firm has concluded that AI is changing the way the enterprise functions on a number of key fronts, including strategy, operations, culture, change management and overall ecosystems.

Here are three areas in which AI is being applied in the enterprise today:

1. Application Development

Perhaps one of the most significant changes AI is making in the enterprise right now is the quiet revolution taking place in application development. Forrester estimates that within the next year, 10% of all code and tests will be conducted by TuringBots — a desktop-level software that uses symbolic regression to find mathematical formulas from data values. In addition, reinforcement learning and large language models (LLMs) are accelerating the development, accuracy and deployment of new tools, providing for the automatic generation of cleaner, more effective code.

Elsewhere, AI is quickly infiltrating key enterprise applications like analytics, augmented reality and condition-based maintenance of data and manufacturing infrastructure, according to database applications platform developer Teradata. This should revolutionize data-intensive industries like finance and health care, both of which are rapidly putting the technology into production environments.

2. Predictive Analytics

Another key enterprise AI application is the mimicry of human reasoning through neural networking. Using multi-layered deep learning algorithms, advanced AI projects are able to employ various feedback loop architectures to make informed decisions on things like stock performance, sales projections and other vital functions. More than anything, this will propel AI’s role from a simple tool to an active participant in the business model.

3. Customer Service

Neural networks and generative AI will drive a wide range of business and customer-facing applications to improve both the experience and outcomes of AI’s interactions with people — something that is still seen as the greatest inhibitor to wide-scale deployment.

At the moment, the top AI celebrity is ChatGPT, OpenAI’s newest chatbot trained under its large language model to interact in a natural, conversational manner. Rather than the stiff, rather limited performance of earlier chatbots, ChatGPT offers a more dialogue-driven approach that allows it to ask questions, challenge premises and even admit its own mistakes. This style of communication will likely accelerate the democratization of AI because it allows users to query databases and otherwise manage digital environments using everyday language rather than the complex jargon required of traditional interfaces.

While this is impressive, it is important to distinguish between what ChatGPT, and other similar models, can and cannot do. Ram Menon, CEO of conversational AI platform Avaamo, notes that ChatGPT relies on the use of LLMs, which cull data primarily from the public internet. This may work for the consumer, or maybe prosumer, ideation and creative purposes but it can be problematic when it comes to analyzing internal content — particularly for industries that deal with high volumes of proprietary or private information.

Menon also added that organizations should be wary of any form of AI that engages in what is known as “stochastic parroting,” the tendency to draw improper conclusions based on statistical analysis of text strings. This may prove effective for a large part of the problem-solving process, but the final 10% is often the most difficult to accomplish correctly — and the price of failure on the enterprise level is very high.

AI in Cybersecurity

Another key area in which AI is transforming the enterprise is cybersecurity. Because of its ability to sift through incomprehensibly large volumes of data, AI can detect patterns that could indicate a security breach — patterns humans would never be able to recognize.

Moreover, AI is finding its way into areas like identity and access management. When AI-powered cybersecurity systems detect potentially malicious activity, they can automatically and instantly block the user from file access.

Resource : https://www.techopedia.com/ai-today-who-is-using-it-right-now-and-how/2/33206

2Feb, 2023

Know All About Range in Python [Syntax, Parameters, Examples included]

A built-in function in Python using which a sequence of numbers is generated within a given range is called range in Python. To implement range in Python, you need to make use of a function called range() function.

Necessity to Use Range() Function in Python:

Whenever an action needs to be performed a certain number of times, then you must make use of range in Python to generate a sequence of numbers within a given range.
The range() function is used in loops like for loop, while loop etc. to iterate through the sequences.

Range() Function Is in Three Different Ways

Range() Function Is in Three Different Ways Based on the Parameters You Are Passing to the Function. They Are:

range(stop)
range(start, stop)
range(start, stop, step)

The syntax to define range() function in Python is as follows:

range(stop)

where,

Stop represents the integer till which the sequence of integers should be generated
The sequence of integers is generated using the range() function, by passing just one argument stop, begins from 0

Example 1:

Python program to show the range() function in Python by passing just one argument stop to the range() function, to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen:

#defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 0 to 4 using range() function

for each_element in range(5):

print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

You can see the output of the above program in the snapshot below:

range(start, stop)

where,

Start represents the integer from which the sequence of integers must begin
Stop represents the integer till which the sequence of integers that must be generated
The sequence of integers generated using range() function by passing two arguments start and stop, begins from the integer specified as start till the integer specified as stop, but not including the integer stop

Example 2:

Python program to demonstrate the range() function in Python by passing two arguments start and stop to the range() function, to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen:

#defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 1 to 5 using range() function

for each_element in range(1,6):

print(“The first value is = “, each_element)

print()

You can see the output of the above program in the snapshot below:

range(start, stop, step)

where,

Start represents the integer from which the sequence of integers must begin
Stop represents the integer till which the sequence of integers that must be generated
Step represents the difference between consecutive integers in the generated sequence
If the argument step is not specified in the range() function, then the value of the step is 1 by default for the sequence of integers generated
The sequence of integers generated using range() function by passing three arguments- start, stop and step begins from the integer specified as start till the integer specified as stop, but not including the integer stop

Example 3:

Python program to demonstrate the range() function in Python by passing three arguments start, stop and step, to the range() function to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen:

#defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 1 till 6 with a difference of 2 between consecutive integers in the generated sequence using range() function

for each_element in range(1,6, 2):

print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

The output of the above program is shown in the snapshot below:

Incrementing With Range and Decrementing With Range

The step value passed as an argument to the range() function can be a positive value or negative value
If the step value passed as an argument to the range() function is positive, then the generated sequence using the range() function is an incrementing range with the step, as the difference between consecutive integers in the generated sequence
If the step value passed as an argument to the range() function is negative, then the generated sequence using the range() function is a decrementing range, with the step as the difference between consecutive integers in the generated sequence

Example 4:

Python program to demonstrate incrementing with range and decrementing with the range using range() function in Python to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen:

#defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 1 to 10 with a difference of 3 between consecutive integers in the generated sequence using range() function

for each_element in range(1,10, 3):

print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

#defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 10 till 1 with a difference of -3 between consecutive integers in the generated sequence using range() function

for each_element in range(10,1, -3):

print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

The output of the above program is shown in the snapshot below:

Concatenation of the Result of Two Range() Functions:

The sequence of integers generated using two different range() functions can be concatenated using the chain() function
The chain() function iterates through the generated sequence of integers from each range() function passed as arguments to the chain() function one after the other

The syntax to define chain() function is as follows:

chain(range, range1)

where range represents the first range() function to generate a sequence of integers to be concatenated with the sequence of integers generated from the second range() function specified as range 1.

Example 5:

Python program to demonstrate chain() function in Python to concatenate two sequences of integers generated from two range() functions and display the output on the screen:

#importing the module chain
from itertools import chain
#using chain() function to concatenate the sequence of integers generated from two range() functions
con_seq = chain(range(3), range(5,3,-1))
#defining a for loop to iterate through the sequence of numbers generated using chain() function
for each_element in con_seq:
print("The first value is = ", each_element)
print()

The output of the above program is shown in the snapshot below:

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Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/range-in-python

2Feb, 2023

What is a Full Stack Developer: Required Skills and More in 2023

What is a Full Stack Developer?

Full-stack technology refers to the entire depth of a computer system application, and full stack web developers are those who are capable of developing both the front end and the back end of web development. All of the features that are visible to the client, or the viewer of the site, are included in the front end.

Programming a browser (By using JavaScript, jQuery, Angular, or Vue)
Programming a server (By using PHP, ASP, Python, or Node)

Let’s say you’re using your Instagram application. Every time you refresh, new content is loaded on your screen. You can like a picture, add new ones, search for profiles and do so much more. Although it provides a seamless user experience, there’s a lot that goes on in the backend. HTTP requests are made to the Instagram servers to retrieve and load information. This is facilitated with the help of backend frameworks.

Typically every application consists of the front-end, the backend, and the database.

A Full Stack Developer is associated with the creation of an application from its start to finish. He designs the front-end and the backend of an application while ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and other crucial features.

Client Software (Front End) vs. Server Software (Back End)

Client Software (Front End)

Front-end development is programming done on the front end of a website – the part that people view and interact with. Front-end developers are in charge of the complete user interface as well as the application’s aesthetic design. Front-end developers are critical in ensuring that users have a good experience every time they browse a site since websites are more effective when they appear professional and work efficiently. Front-end developers typically employ CSS3, JavaScript, and HTML because these languages are essential for website design. Some of the languages used are mentioned below.

Server Software (Back End)

If the front end of a website is the user interface and navigation, the back end is the nuts and bolts. It makes no difference how well a website looks or functions if it lacks content. PHP, Python, and CSS are some of the most popular languages for back-end programming.

PHP is frequently used in conjunction with SQL to build online databases. The front-end HTML files use information obtained from this database. Every time you update your social media profiles or read the news, you are probably engaging with these languages without even realizing it. A database becomes more important as the amount of information saved on a website grows.

Skills of a Full Stack Developer

Now that you know what a full stack developer does, let’s look at the skills required to become one.

Front-end Languages and Frameworks

HTML and CSS

HTML short of Hypertext markup language governs the appearance of text/images on the screen. It formats the text as headings, paragraphs, pop-ups and so on. It typically consists of tags that give a different meaning to the text in a document structure.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet that allows to alter and style different web components for font, size, spacing, etc. It makes the content on the webpage more decorative.

JavaScript

It is a powerful client-side programming language mainly used for enhancing user interaction with the application. It offers several libraries and frameworks like React, Angular, Vue, and JQuery. A full stack developer needs to be proficient in one or more of these tools.

Backend Technologies and Frameworks

JavaScript and its environments like NodeJS and ExpressJS. Node is an open-source, cross-platform runtime environment that allows developers to create server-side tools and JavaScript applications. Knowledge of the basic command line like npm (Node Package Manager) is essential.
Java, in particular, was built from the ground up to be run on the server-side. Popular Java frameworks include Spring and Java Server faces.
Python is the most popularly used language. It is flexible and easy to use. We use Python frameworks like Django and Flask for backend development. Django is a high-level Python web framework that enables rapid development of websites. It is free and open-source, has a huge and active community of users.
C# language is for many the most preferred architecture when it comes to backend programming in Windows environments.
Other languages include PHP, Perl, and Ruby.

Database Management Systems

A full-stack developer writes code that is used to perform Relational mapping to fetch data from the database. Some popularly used DBMS are MySQL, SQL SERVER and PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Oracle Database. A good understanding of their workings is critical.

Version Control

Version control systems help manage the project files and keep track of the entire history of the user’s things. Popular ones are Git, Github, and Subversion.

Git helps manage the project files. It keeps track of the entire history of things that the user is working on. GitHub is a web-based service for version control using Git. The user can look at other people’s code, identify issues or errors, and even propose changes.

Web Hosting Platforms

Web hosting platforms allow you to deploy your product on a cloud service provider so we can access it from the WWW. Popular ones are Amazon web services, Google cloud platform, Heroku, and Microsoft Azure.

Soft Skills

A full-stack developer needs to possess some basic soft skills as well.

Creativity – The developer must understand the project’s objectives and create a product that engages the target audience.
Strategic planning – Planning is a critical phase in any development life-cycle. The developer should possess the aptitude to plan the design, development, and implementation phases strategically. This helps streamline the process.
Analytical skills – As the name suggests, these skills help analyze information accurately and make logical, data-driven decisions that help in maximizing efficiency. Now, these are skills that one develops when they’re exposed to it. But a good sense of understanding is required.
Problem-solving skills are again crucial to predict any errors and develop a bug-free application. From a business perspective, problem-solving skills play a significant role in ensuring the smooth conduction of tasks.
Time management skills – The developer must meet the deadlines while ensuring proper execution of his tasks.

Now that you are familiar with the skills, let’s look at the key responsibilities.

Responsibilities of a Full Stack Developer

Development of front-end – With the help of HTML/CSS and JavaScript frameworks and libraries, the developer must be able to build interactive user interfaces.
Design the backend of the application – He must be able to build a robust backend architecture to fetch data from the servers.
Creating databases and servers – These systems must be resilient to outages and must function endlessly.
Ensuring Cross Platform compatibility – Applications must run smoothly on all operating systems like Windows, MacOS, and Linux.
API development – Depending on the application architecture, the developer is responsible for API creation. These APIs perform crucial tasks like fetching data from the server.
Meet all technical and consumer requirements – The developer must be able to build responsive applications that meet customer requirements and keep them engaged.

Programming Languages and Tools of Full Stack

HTML – HTML or Hypertext Markup language is used by developers for making web pages. To build user interfaces that are both efficient and simple to use, a full-stack developer needs a solid grasp of HTML.
CSS – HTML markup is styled using CSS, a style sheet language. For the purpose of developing aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly websites and applications, a full-stack developer must have a solid understanding of CSS.
Bootstrap – The most widely used CSS framework for creating adaptive and mobile-first websites is Bootstrap.
W3.CSS – W3.CSS is a modern framework with built-in responsiveness that is simple to learn and use.
JavaScript – A programming language called JavaScript is used to make interactive web pages. To construct dynamic and user-friendly websites and applications, a full-stack developer has to have a solid grasp of JavaScript.
HTML DOM – When you load a web page, the browser produces a Document Object Model of the page. The HTML DOM is an HTML Object Model. can components in the form of objects

All HTML components have properties.
All HTML elements have methods.
All HTML elements have events.

Python – Python is the most widely used server-side programming language. This versatile language has a plethora of applications in various industries such as machine learning, data analysis, and back-end web development.
Tools – Below mentioned are the most commonly used tools by full-stack developers to enhance development and its efficiency.

Backbone
Visual Studio Code
WebStorm
Slack
Electron
TypeScript
CodePen
GitHub

Advantages and Disadvantages of Full Stack

Advantages

You can master all of the approaches required in a development project.
A prototype can be created quickly.
You can cut the project’s costs.
Depending on your needs, you can swap between front and back-end development.
You can have a better understanding of all elements of new and emerging technology.

Disadvantages

Sometimes the solution selected may not be suitable for the project.
The solution used may be determined by the developer’s abilities.
The solution may pose a key person risk.
Being a full-stack developer is becoming more difficult.

How to Become a Full Stack Developer

There are a few things you need to know if you want to become a Full Stack developer. First, you need to have a solid understanding of the different types of technologies that are used to create web applications. These include HTML, CSS, JavaScript, AJAX, and PHP. Second, you need to be able to use these technologies to create a functioning web application. And third, you need to be able to deploy and maintain your web applications.

If you have these three things down, then you’re well on your way to becoming a full stack developer. Let’s take a closer look at each of these components so you can start building your skills.

Experience Required to Become a Full Stack Developer

It takes a lot of experience to become a Full Stack developer. Some people might argue that you need a college degree in computer science or a related field. However, there are many developers who have become extremely successful without a four-year college education. So, while a degree may give you a leg up, it’s not necessary to become a Full Stack developer. In fact, earning your certification in an accredited online program can be a more cost-efficient way to learn the skills necessary to succeed in this field. It can also be completed in a fraction of the time compared to completing a college education.

In order to become a Full Stack developer, you need to have a strong understanding of both back-end and front-end development. This means that you need to be able to not only build websites and applications, but also understand how they work behind the scenes. You need to be comfortable working with different programming languages, databases, and frameworks. And, you need to be able to quickly learn new technologies as they emerge.

Of course, becoming a Full Stack developer doesn’t happen overnight. It takes years of experience and continuous learning to gain the skills and knowledge necessary to be successful in this field. But if you’re passionate about web development and are willing to put in the hard work, it’s definitely achievable.

Personality Traits of a Full Stack Developer

When it comes to being a Full Stack developer, there are certain personality traits that can help you succeed. Here are some of the most important ones:

1. You’re a Problem Solver.

You enjoy finding solutions to problems, both big and small. You’re always looking for ways to improve things and make them work better.

2. You’re a Good Communicator.

You know how to communicate clearly and effectively, both in writing and in person. You’re able to explain complex technical concepts to non-technical people.

3. You’re Resourceful.

You’re good at finding the resources you need, whether it’s information, people, or tools. You’re not afraid to ask for help when you need it.

4. You’re Organized.

You’re able to keep track of multiple projects and deadlines. You have a system for organizing your work so that you can always find what you need when you need it.

5. You’re Flexible.

You’re willing to change your plans when necessary. You know that sometimes the best solution is the one that wasn’t originally planned.

6. You’re a Lifelong Learner.

You’re always learning new things, whether it’s a new programming language or a new way to solve a problem. You’re not afraid of change, and you’re always looking for ways to improve your skills.

7. You’re a Team Player.

You know that there’s strength in numbers. You’re able to work well with others, and you’re always looking for ways to help the team succeed.

8. You’re Positive.

You have a positive attitude, even when things are tough. You believe that anything is possible with enough hard work and determination.

These are just some of the personality traits that can help you succeed as a Full Stack developer. If you have these qualities, then you’re well on your way to becoming a successful developer.

Glossary of Full-stack Developer Terms

API – API stands for “Application Program Interface.” How computers and programmes connect.
Application – These applications, often known as apps, are designed to do certain tasks. This includes mobile applications.
Bug – An issue or fault in the website or software that prevents it from functioning properly.
Framework – A collection of applications used in the building of a website or software.
FTP – FTP stands for “File Transfer Protocol.” File transfer method from one computer to another.
Widgets – Applications that allow particular interactive operations on a website to be done.

Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Full Stack development?

Full Stack development includes the process of developing the front end and back end of a web application/website simultaneously.

2. What is CORS?

CORS is a mechanism that uses additional HTTP headers to instruct browsers to deliver a web application running at a single origin.

3. Define Inversion of Control (IoC)?

Inversion of Control (IoC) is a general term used by software developers to define a methodology for decoupling system components and levels.

4. In JavaScript, what is a callback?

In JavaScript, a callback is a function that is supplied as an argument into another function and then requested to perform some kind of action or procedure inside the outer function.

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Next Steps

We hope that this article on ‘Who is a Full Stack developer’ helped you. If you are looking to get advanced practical learning of Full Stack technologies and perhaps make a career out of it, certification will come in handy.

Simplilearn’s Full Stack Java Developer Master’s Program gives you an in-depth understanding of full-stack development. This course on full stack Java development is packaged to give you a comprehensive and collective understanding of front-end, middleware, and back-end Java web developer technologies. Through this program, you will learn to build an application from end to end, test and deploy code, store data using MongoDB, and much more.

If you have feedback or questions on the topic, please drop us a comment in the comments section of this article. Our experts will get back to you ASAP!

Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/skills-required-to-become-a-full-stack-developer-article#salary_of_a_full_stack_developer

1Feb, 2023

Types Of Software Testing: Different Testing Types With Details

Are You Ready to Explore the Different Types of Software Testing?

We, as testers, are aware of the various types of Software Testing like Functional Testing, Non-Functional Testing, Automation Testing, Agile Testing, and their sub-types, etc.

Each of us would have come across several types of testing on our testing journey. We might have heard some and we might have worked on some, but not everyone has knowledge about all the testing types.

Each type of testing has its own features, advantages, and disadvantages as well. However, in this tutorial, we have covered mostly each and every type of software testing which we usually use in our day-to-day testing life.

Different Types Of Software Testing

Functional Testing

There are four main types of functional testing.

#1) Unit Testing

Unit testing is a type of software testing which is done on an individual unit or component to test its corrections. Typically, Unit testing is done by the developer at the application development phase. Each unit in unit testing can be viewed as a method, function, procedure, or object. Developers often use test automation tools such as NUnit, Xunit, JUnit for the test execution.

Unit testing is important because we can find more defects at the unit test level.

For example, there is a simple calculator application. The developer can write the unit test to check if the user can enter two numbers and get the correct sum for addition functionality.

a) White Box Testing

White box testing is a test technique in which the internal structure or code of an application is visible and accessible to the tester. In this technique, it is easy to find loopholes in the design of an application or fault in business logic. Statement coverage and decision coverage/branch coverage are examples of white box test techniques.

b) Gorilla Testing

Gorilla testing is a test technique in which the tester and/or developer test the module of the application thoroughly in all aspects. Gorilla testing is done to check how robust your application is.

For example, the tester is testing the pet insurance company’s website, which provides the service of buying an insurance policy, tag for the pet, Lifetime membership. The tester can focus on any one module, let’s say, the insurance policy module, and test it thoroughly with positive and negative test scenarios.

#2) Integration Testing

Integration testing is a type of software testing where two or more modules of an application are logically grouped together and tested as a whole. The focus of this type of testing is to find the defect on interface, communication, and data flow among modules. Top-down or Bottom-up approach is used while integrating modules into the whole system.

This type of testing is done on integrating modules of a system or between systems. For example, a user is buying a flight ticket from any airline website. Users can see flight details and payment information while buying a ticket, but flight details and payment processing are two different systems. Integration testing should be done while integrating of airline website and payment processing system.

a) Gray box testing

As the name suggests, gray box testing is a combination of white-box testing and black-box testing. Testers have partial knowledge of the internal structure or code of an application.

#3) System Testing

System testing is types of testing where tester evaluates the whole system against the specified requirements.

a) End to End Testing

It involves testing a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.

For example, a tester is testing a pet insurance website. End to End testing involves testing of buying an insurance policy, LPM, tag, adding another pet, updating credit card information on users’ accounts, updating user address information, receiving order confirmation emails and policy documents.

b) Black Box Testing

Blackbox testing is a software testing technique in which testing is performed without knowing the internal structure, design, or code of a system under test. Testers should focus only on the input and output of test objects.

Detailed information about the advantages, disadvantages, and types of Black Box testing can be found here.

c) Smoke Testing

Smoke testing is performed to verify that basic and critical functionality of the system under test is working fine at a very high level.

Whenever a new build is provided by the development team, then the Software Testing team validates the build and ensures that no major issue exists. The testing team will ensure that the build is stable, and a detailed level of testing will be carried out further.

For example, tester is testing pet insurance website. Buying an insurance policy, adding another pet, providing quotes are all basic and critical functionality of the application. Smoke testing for this website verifies that all these functionalities are working fine before doing any in-depth testing.

d) Sanity Testing

Sanity testing is performed on a system to verify that newly added functionality or bug fixes are working fine. Sanity testing is done on stable build. It is a subset of the regression test.

For example, a tester is testing a pet insurance website. There is a change in the discount for buying a policy for second pet. Then sanity testing is only performed on buying insurance policy module.

e) Happy path Testing

The objective of Happy Path Testing is to test an application successfully on a positive flow. It does not look for negative or error conditions. The focus is only on valid and positive inputs through which the application generates the expected output.

f) Monkey Testing

Monkey Testing is carried out by a tester, assuming that if the monkey uses the application, then how random input and values will be entered by the Monkey without any knowledge or understanding of the application.

The objective of Monkey Testing is to check if an application or system gets crashed by providing random input values/data. Monkey Testing is performed randomly, no test cases are scripted, and it is not necessary to be aware
of the full functionality of the system.

#4) Acceptance Testing

Acceptance testing is a type of testing where client/business/customer test the software with real time business scenarios.

The client accepts the software only when all the features and functionalities work as expected. This is the last phase of testing, after which the software goes into production. This is also called User Acceptance Testing (UAT).

a) Alpha Testing

Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing performed by the team in an organization to find as many defects as possible before releasing software to customers.

For example, the pet insurance website is under UAT. UAT team will run real-time scenarios like buying an insurance policy, buying annual membership, changing the address, ownership transfer of the pet in a same way the user uses the real website. The team can use test credit card information to process payment-related scenarios.

b) Beta Testing

Beta Testing is a type of software testing which is carried out by the clients/customers. It is performed in the Real Environment before releasing the product to the market for the actual end-users.

Beta Testing is carried out to ensure that there are no major failures in the software or product, and it satisfies the business requirements from an end-user perspective. Beta Testing is successful when the customer accepts the software.

Usually, this testing is typically done by the end-users. This is the final testing done before releasing the application for commercial purposes. Usually, the Beta version of the software or product released is limited to a certain number of users in a specific area.

So, the end-user uses the software and shares the feedback with the company. The company then takes necessary action before releasing the software worldwide.

c) Operational acceptance testing (OAT)

Operational acceptance testing of the system is performed by operations or system administration staff in the production environment. The purpose of operational acceptance testing is to make sure that the system administrators can keep the system working properly for the users in a real-time environment.

The focus of the OAT is on the following points:

Testing of backup and restore.
Installing, uninstalling, upgrading software.
The recovery process in case of natural disaster.
User management.
Maintenance of the software.

Non-Functional Testing

There are four main types of functional testing.

#1) Security Testing

It is a type of testing performed by a special team. Any hacking method can penetrate the system.

Security Testing is done to check how the software, application, or website is secure from internal and/or external threats. This testing includes how much software is secure from malicious programs, viruses and how secure & strong the authorization and authentication processes are.

It also checks how software behaves for any hacker’s attack & malicious programs and how software is maintained for data security after such a hacker attack.

a) Penetration Testing

Penetration Testing or Pen testing is the type of security testing performed as an authorized cyberattack on the system to find out the weak points of the system in terms of security.

Pen testing is performed by outside contractors, generally known as ethical hackers. That is why it is also known as ethical hacking. Contractors perform different operations like SQL injection, URL manipulation, Privilege Elevation, session expiry, and provide reports to the organization.

Notes: Do not perform the Pen testing on your laptop/computer. Always take written permission to do pen tests.

#2) Performance Testing

Performance testing is testing of an application’s stability and response time by applying load.

The word stability means the ability of the application to withstand in the presence of load. Response time is how quickly an application is available to users. Performance testing is done with the help of tools. Loader.IO, JMeter, LoadRunner, etc. are good tools available in the market.

a) Load testing

Load testing is testing of an application’s stability and response time by applying load, which is equal to or less than the designed number of users for an application.

For example, your application handles 100 users at a time with a response time of 3 seconds, then load testing can be done by applying a load of the maximum of 100 or less than 100 users. The goal is to verify that the application is responding within 3 seconds for all the users.

b) Stress Testing

Stress testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by applying load, which is more than the designed number of users for an application.

For example, your application handles 1000 users at a time with a response time of 4 seconds, then stress testing can be done by applying a load of more than 1000 users. Test the application with 1100,1200,1300 users and notice the response time. The goal is to verify the stability of an application under stress.

c) Scalability Testing

Scalability testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by applying load, which is more than the designed number of users for an application.

For example, your application handles 1000 users at a time with a response time of 2 seconds, then scalability testing can be done by applying a load of more than 1000 users and gradually increasing the number of users to find out where exactly my application is crashing.

Let’s say my application is giving response time as follows:

1000 users -2 sec
1400 users -2 sec
4000 users -3 sec
5000 users -45 sec
5150 users- crash – This is the point that needs to identify in scalability testing

d) Volume testing (flood testing)

Volume testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by transferring a large volume of data to the database. Basically, it tests the capacity of the database to handle the data.

e) Endurance Testing (Soak Testing)

Endurance testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by applying load continuously for a longer period to verify that the application is working fine.

For example, car companies soak testing to verify that users can drive cars continuously for hours without any problem.

#3) Usability Testing

Usability testing is testing an application from the user’s perspective to check the look and feel and user-friendliness.

For example, there is a mobile app for stock trading, and a tester is performing usability testing. Testers can check the scenario like if the mobile app is easy to operate with one hand or not, scroll bar should be vertical, background color of the app should be black and price of and stock is displayed in red or green color.

The main idea of usability testing of this kind of app is that as soon as the user opens the app, the user should get a glance at the market.

a) Exploratory testing

Exploratory Testing is informal testing performed by the testing team. The objective of this testing is to explore the application and look for defects that exist in the application. Testers use the knowledge of the business domain to test the application. Test charters are used to guide the exploratory testing.

b) Cross browser testing

Cross browser testing is testing an application on different browsers, operating systems, mobile devices to see look and feel and performance.

Why do we need cross-browser testing? The answer is different users use different operating systems, different browsers, and different mobile devices. The goal of the company is to get a good user experience regardless of those devices.

Browser stack provides all the versions of all the browsers and all mobile devices to test the application. For learning purposes, it is good to take the free trial given by browser stack for a few days.

c) Accessibility Testing

The aim of Accessibility Testing is to determine whether the software or application is accessible for disabled people or not.

Here, disability means deafness, color blindness, mentally disabled, blind, old age, and other disabled groups. Various checks are performed, such as font size for visually disabled, color and contrast for color blindness, etc.

#4) Compatibility testing

This is a testing type in which it validates how software behaves and runs in a different environment, web servers, hardware, and network environment.

Compatibility testing ensures that software can run on different configuration, different databases, different browsers, and their versions. The testing team performs compatibility testing.

Other Types of Testing

Ad-hoc Testing

The name itself suggests that this testing is performed on an ad-hoc basis, i.e., with no reference to the test case and also without any plan or documentation in place for this type of testing.

The objective of this testing is to find the defects and break the application by executing any flow of the application or any random functionality.

Ad-hoc testing is an informal way of finding defects and can be performed by anyone in the project. It is difficult to identify defects without a test case, but sometimes it is possible that defects found during ad-hoc testing might not have been identified using the existing test cases.

Back-end Testing

Whenever an input or data is entered on the front-end application, it is stored in the database and the testing of such database is known as Database Testing or Backend Testing.

There are different databases like SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, etc. Database Testing involves testing of table structure, schema, stored procedure, data structure, and so on. In Back-end Testing, GUI is not involved, the testers are directly connected to the database with proper access and testers can easily verify data by running a few queries on the database.

There can be issues identified like data loss, deadlock, data corruption, etc during this back-end testing and these issues are critical to fixing before the system goes live into the production environment.

Browser Compatibility Testing

This is a sub-type of Compatibility Testing (which is explained below) and is performed by the testing team.

Browser Compatibility Testing is performed for web applications and ensures that the software can run with a combination of different browsers and operating systems. This type of testing also validates whether a web application runs on all versions of all browsers or not.

Backward Compatibility Testing

It is a type of testing that validates whether the newly developed software or updated software works well with the older version of the environment or not.

Backward Compatibility Testing checks whether the new version of the software works properly with the file format created by an older version of the software. It also works well with data tables, data files, and data structures created by the older version of that software. If any of the software is updated, then it should work well on top of the previous version of that software.

Black Box Testing

Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are based on the requirements and functionality.

Detailed information about the advantages, disadvantages, and types of Black Box testing can be found here.

Boundary Value Testing

This type of testing checks the behavior of the application at the boundary level.

Boundary Value Testing is performed to check if defects exist at boundary values. Boundary Value Testing is used for testing a different range of numbers. There is an upper and lower boundary for each range and testing is performed on these boundary values.

If testing requires a test range of numbers from 1 to 500, then Boundary Value Testing is performed on values at 0, 1, 2, 499, 500, and 501.

Branch Testing

This is also known as Branch coverage or decision coverage testing. It is a type of white box testing performed at the unit test level. It is done to make sure that each possible path from the decision point is executed at least once for 100% of test coverage.

Example:

Read number A, B
If (A>B) then
Print(“A is greater”)
Else
Print(“B is greater”)

Here, there are two branches, one for if and the other for else. For 100% coverage, we need 2 test cases with different values of A and B.

Test case 1: A=10, B=5 It will cover the if branch.

Test case 2: A=7, B=15 It will cover the else branch.

Comparison Testing

Comparison of a product’s strengths and weaknesses with its previous versions or other similar products is termed Comparison Testing.

Equivalence Partitioning

It is a testing technique and a type of Black Box Testing. During this Equivalence Partitioning, a set of groups are selected and a few values or numbers are picked up for testing. It is understood that all values from that group generate the same output.

The aim of this testing is to remove redundant test cases within a specific group that generate the same output but not any defect.

Suppose the application accepts values between -10 and +10, then using equivalence partitioning, the values picked for testing are zero, one positive value, and one negative value. So the Equivalence Partitioning for this testing is -10 to -1, 0, and 1 to 10.

Example Testing

Example testing is real-time testing. It includes real-time scenarios and scenarios are based on the experience of the testers.

This type of testing is also known as experience-based testing because it uses the tester’s knowledge of how the application has worked in the past, how to break the application, what kind of errors are common in this type of application.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Testing

The objective of this GUI Testing is to validate the GUI as per the business requirement. The expected GUI of the application is mentioned in the Detailed Design Document and GUI mockup screens.

GUI Testing includes the size of the buttons and input fields present on the screen, alignment of all text, tables, and content in the tables.

It also validates the menu of the application. After selecting different menu and menu items, it validates that the page does not fluctuate, and the alignment remains the same after hovering the mouse on the menu or sub-menu.

Incremental Integration Testing

Incremental Integration Testing is a Bottom-up approach for testing, i.e continuous testing of an application when new functionality is added.

Application functionality and modules should be independent enough to test separately. This is done by programmers or by testers.

Install/Uninstall Testing

Installation testing is performed to check that the software application is installed properly and working as per expectation. Installation testing is a phase of testing before users interact with the actual application for the first time. Installation testing is also called “Implementation Testing”.

Uninstallation Testing is performed to confirm if all the components or elements of the software are removed from the system or not.

Installation and Uninstallation Testing is done on full, partial, or upgraded install/uninstall processes on different operating systems under different hardware or software environments.

Mutation Testing

Mutation Testing is a type of white box testing in which the source code of one program is changed and verifies whether the existing test cases can identify these defects in the system.

The change in the program source code is very minimal, so it does not impact the entire application, only the specific area having the impact and the related test cases should be able to identify those errors in the system.

Negative Testing

The mindset of the tester is to “Break the System/Application” and it is achieved through Negative Testing.

Negative Testing technique is performed using incorrect data, invalid data, or input. It validates if the system throws an error of invalid input and behaves as expected.

It should not take much time to load any page or system and should be sustained during peak load. Different performance and load tools are used to do this testing.

Recovery Testing

It is a type of testing that validates how well the application or system recovers from crashes or disasters.

Recovery Testing determines if the system can continue its operation after a disaster. Assume that the application is receiving data through a network cable and suddenly that network cable has been unplugged.

Sometime later, plug in the network cable; then the system should start receiving data from where it lost the connection due to the network cable being unplugged.

Regression Testing

Regression testing is testing of unchanged features of the application to make sure that any bug fixes, adding new features, deleting, or updating existing features, are not impacting the working application.

To find out regression scope is an important part in Regression Testing. To find out regression scope, Tester needs to find out the area of application where changes happened and the Impact of those changes on the entire application. It is difficult to cover the whole regression test suite in every release, so Automation Testing Tools are used in regression testing.

Risk-Based Testing (RBT)

For Risk-Based Testing, the functionalities or requirements are tested based on their priority. Risk-Based Testing includes testing of highly critical functionality, which has the highest impact on business and in which the probability of failure is very high.

Priority decisions are based on business needs, so once priority is set for all functionalities, then high priority functionality or test cases are executed first, followed by medium and then low priority functionalities.

Low priority functionality may be tested or not tested based on the available time. Risk-Based Testing is carried out if there is insufficient time available to test the entire software and the software needs to be implemented on time without any delay.

This approach is followed only by the discussion and approval of the client and senior management of the organization.

Static Testing

Static Testing is a type of testing which is done without the execution of any code. Reviews, walkthroughs, and inspections are different methods of performing static testing. Activities like reviewing of requirement documents, customer requirement specification, high level, and low-level design, code syntax, naming standards, etc. come under static testing.

Static Testing also applies to test cases, test plans, test scenarios. Static testing is done to prevent the defect rather than catching the defect at a later stage. That is why static testing is cost-effective.

For example, Tester is testing a pet insurance website. The logic for premium calculation is described in requirement documentation. As a part of static testing, testers can review the developer code for premium calculation and compare it with the requirement document to prevent the defect related to premium calculation.

Vulnerability Testing

The testing, which involves identifying weaknesses in the software, hardware, and network, is known as Vulnerability Testing. In malicious programs, the hacker can take control of the system, if it is vulnerable to such kinds of attacks, viruses, and worms.

We need to check if those systems undergo Vulnerability Testing before production. It may identify critical defects and flaws in security.

Resource : https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/types-of-software-testing/

Morning9

Top Science Careers to Look For in 2022

Physicist

Chemist

Astronomer

Spacetech

Geology

Geoscientists

Data Analyst

Atmospheric Researchers

Zoology

Biotechnology

What’s the context?

The formation and evolution of EDR, XDR, and EPP solutions for mobile device protection

EDR/XDR and fraud detection solutions

Backup is Broken

A New Backup Paradigm to Recover Data Instantaneously

1. Your Browser History

The Solution

2. Your User Login Credentials

The Solution

3. Autofill Information

The Solution

4. Browser Extensions

The Solution

5. Browser Cookies

The Solution

1. Application Development

2. Predictive Analytics

3. Customer Service

AI in Cybersecurity

Necessity to Use Range() Function in Python:

Range() Function Is in Three Different Ways

range(stop)

Example 1:

range(start, stop)

Example 2:

range(start, stop, step)

Example 3:

Incrementing With Range and Decrementing With Range

Example 4:

Concatenation of the Result of Two Range() Functions:

Example 5:

What is a Full Stack Developer?

Client Software (Front End) vs. Server Software (Back End)

Client Software (Front End)

Server Software (Back End)

Skills of a Full Stack Developer

Front-end Languages and Frameworks

HTML and CSS

JavaScript

Backend Technologies and Frameworks

Database Management Systems

Version Control

Web Hosting Platforms

Soft Skills

Responsibilities of a Full Stack Developer

Programming Languages and Tools of Full Stack

Advantages and Disadvantages of Full Stack

Advantages

Disadvantages

How to Become a Full Stack Developer

Experience Required to Become a Full Stack Developer

Personality Traits of a Full Stack Developer

1. You’re a Problem Solver.

2. You’re a Good Communicator.

3. You’re Resourceful.

4. You’re Organized.

5. You’re Flexible.

6. You’re a Lifelong Learner.

7. You’re a Team Player.

8. You’re Positive.

Glossary of Full-stack Developer Terms

Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Full Stack development?

2. What is CORS?

3. Define Inversion of Control (IoC)?

4. In JavaScript, what is a callback?

Next Steps