• Search for:
    17Mar, 2023
    The Best VPN Services of 2023

    Our expert team have tested dozens of VPNs, looking at everything from streaming capabilities and speed to security and privacy. Here are BleepingComputer’s top picks for the Best VPNs in 2023.

    Consumer VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, have grown from a niche technology to a tool used by hundreds of millions of internet users in just a few years. It makes sense: bulk data collection is now the norm, by both private organizations and governments, so it’s only natural people would look for a way to take back control of their digital privacy.

    So which VPN should you use? That’s a tricky question since the answer depends on your priorities and how you use the internet. Some providers might offer first-class security or speeds, while others pride themselves on their ability to access region-locked streaming services. In other words, the best VPN for somebody else might not be the best VPN for you.

    That’s why we’ve carefully examined dozens of leading VPN providers and whittled our list down to seven that really stand out. No matter your requirements, there’s sure to be a VPN below that’s up to the task.

    Best VPN services of 2023

    1. NordVPN: Our best VPN service for 2023. A well-known provider that continuously pushes the boundaries of what a VPN is, with unique features like Tor over VPN servers and MeshNet for creating secure point-to-point connections. Comes with a risk-free 30-day money-back guarantee.
    2. Surfshark: Best VPN for those on a budget. Connect any number of devices. Works with popular streaming services and has a 30-day money-back guarantee. Includes ad blocking and malware filtering.
    3. ExpressVPN: Quick, versatile, and easy to use, with a network spanning 94+ countries. Includes a custom app for routers, parallel connection technology for faster speeds, and reliable access in China. Unique features include a GUI app for Linux and rotating IP addresses.
    4. CyberGhost: A fast and secure VPN that is easy to use, ideal for streaming, and provides a lengthy 45-day money-back guarantee. Superb value for money.
    5. Mullvad: Fast, privacy-first VPN with one low price, no matter how long you subscribe for.
    6. ProtonVPN: Great for secure streaming. Offers a free plan with no bandwidth limits.
    7. IPVanish: Has lots of security tools, a verified no-logs policy, and industry-leading speeds.
    8. Atlas VPN: Newer VPN already offering competitive performance and innovative privacy tools.

    Resource : https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/vpn/guides/best-vpn/

    3Mar, 2023
    AMD Ryzen Master has a bug that can let someone take full control of your PC

    AMD has just revealed that it spotted a new vulnerability in its Ryzen Master software. The bug sounds pretty dangerous — it could potentially allow an attacker to take full control of your PC.

    Here’s everything we know about the vulnerability and the steps you need to take to secure your computer.

    AMD Ryzen Master is a useful piece of software if you’re using an AMD processor. It lets you monitor your CPU in real time as well as alter the clock speeds and the voltage. While it’s definitely handy, if it falls into the wrong hands, you could be in trouble — and it seems that the tool has been hit with a pretty severe vulnerability.

    The vulnerability was spotted by Conor McNamara and later disclosed by AMD itself. Its severity was ranked high, and AMD described the potential impact as “privilege escalation.”

    “Failure to validate privileges during installation of AMD Ryzen Master may allow an attacker with low privileges to modify files potentially leading to privilege escalation and code execution by the lower privileged user,” said AMD.

    According to what AMD said, this means that users with low privilege levels could use Ryzen Master to gain control of the system. It’s unclear if this would be possible without administrator access, though, and it does sound like the user would need to be able to access the computer in person in order to carry out an attack.

    This is one of those vulnerabilities that are unlikely to affect a whole lot of users, but once someone is affected, the impact could be severe. Another example of this type of vulnerability in the last year is Hertzbleed, which is thought to affect most of the best processors on the market.

    Even if you feel like you’re not at risk, it’s best to update Ryzen Master to the latest version of the software (2.10.1.2287). You’ll be protected from the vulnerability and also get a few new features, such as the ability to set a maximum temperature for your CPU. You can also set the voltage of the processor above 5.2V, but you shouldn’t do this unless you’re an expert at overclocking your CPU.

    Resource : https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/amd-ryzen-master-vulnerability-patch/

    17Feb, 2023
    Three Things Small Business Owners Should Consider When Looking For An Acquisition

    Just over a year ago, the company I started alongside my co-founder was acquired. This was both a short and long time coming: Any entrepreneur worth their salt will always be on the lookout for a valuable exit opportunity, but rarely do these opportunities evolve into something concrete.

    While my co-founder and I had been in discussions with the company that acquired us for years, there was still an incredible learning curve when it came to navigating the acquisition process. Despite almost always being on our radar, the acquisition highlighted both new challenges and opportunities for our company. Small businesses, in particular, face a unique set of challenges around an acquisition—especially when the potential parent company is much larger.

    Every company is for sale, always.

    One of my company’s board members once told me, “A CEO has two main jobs: raise money and sell the company.” What changes over time are the opportunities for exit and whether there’s a match between those opportunities and your goals. For most of the life of a company, you’re looking for that alignment and it isn’t there because it’s rare.

    That alignment can evolve, too, developing years later even if it wasn’t there the first time around. The company that acquired my company manages casinos and racetracks. At first blush, there wasn’t that synergy we were after. As conversations continued, though, we were able to identify mutually beneficial opportunities in the digital space. Now, my company helps them diversify its business and expand customer reach for its land-based casinos.

    To me, it’s a mistake to not think of yourself as acquisition-minded, no matter where you are in the business development cycle. Entrepreneurs should always be open to the idea and be willing to hear from any and all potential buyers, despite how they may look on paper.

    Prepare, prepare, prepare.

    Being open to an acquisition is one thing, but being thoroughly prepared is another. I recommend having audited financials even if you’re not required to have them, as well as solid employment agreements with everyone who works for you. You should also know where all your formation, legal and other important documents, are and make those readily available.

    Like the old adage goes: Failing to plan is planning to fail. I give major credit to my team for keeping us organized as our company evolved and grew, making what could be a stressful, complicated task an easy one.

    Consider good (and bad) intentions.

    The devil is in the details, and the due diligence process has a lot of details. My philosophy is always to assume good intent on the part of your acquirer—and bad intent on the part of their attorneys and representatives. This is the typical way things proceed, and I’ve been lucky enough not to be surprised.

    Another piece of helpful advice I received was “Never let the other side think they are your only option—even if they are.” Combining this approach with my philosophy on intent helped us remain steadfast in our expectations—without wavering—no matter how many (or few) prospects we had.

    It’s also critical for entrepreneurs to have their own lawyers involved at an early stage of the acquisition process. Much earlier than you might think. Full transparency: It’s a major expense, so your instinct may be to wait until the last minute, but it’s too important to put off. Your company’s attorney represents the interests of the company, not your personal interests. The post-acquisition terms of your employment, compensation and many other issues will need to be memorialized. You want your own personal attorney for that. Entrepreneurs need someone who is negotiating from their (and any other equity holding employees’) point of view.

    Our second year since the acquisition has officially begun, and I’m eager to see how our two companies continue to grow together.

    Resource : https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/02/15/three-things-small-business-owners-should-consider-when-looking-for-an-acquisition/?sh=5b81f0be7383

    16Feb, 2023
    Why E-Learning: Insights into Online Learning and Development for 2023

    The world today is rapidly progressing on the road to utilization, with the ever increasing number of technical applications that are used to communicate and pass on knowledge. In a traditional classroom, knowledge acquisition is limited to the information the instructor has and that which they can access. However, connecting students to the outside world enhances their ability to construct new knowledge.

    E-learning is an umbrella term that is used to describe a wide variety of electronic ways that enable access to education, and the process in itself. These include: virtual classrooms, web-based learning, computer-based learning, digital collaboration, video and audio recordings, interactive TV and many more. Thus, e-learning is suited to flexible learning methods and distance learning. E-learning can however be coupled with face to face instruction, which is called blended learning.

    History of E-learning 

    E-learning has come a long way since its introduction in the 1990s.The history of the concept can be traced back to the days of distant learning on radio programs in the 1920s. PLATO, the first computer-based education tool, introduced by Professor Don Bitzer in 1960, became an important milestone in the world of e-learning. Its fundamental purpose was to amplify and enhance student literacy. 

    Features of E-Learning 

    1. Association of Diverse Learning Tools 

    Mixed learning tools enable the students to widen their horizons. E-learning platforms typically use combined online assets to their advantage. It comprises a number of instruments that are made accessible to the students and teachers. 

    2. Online Course Listings

    A Learning Management System (LMS) constitutes proper schedules and lists of the courses that they have to offer. The users can easily jump to the course, get a glimpse and enlist just by scrolling through the lists or catalogs. 

    3. User Friendly Interface 

    To kill the monotony of the usual learning, e-learning apps and website have the opportunity to make learning more inclusive and interactive through appealing design, bold aesthetics and engaging interfaces. 

    Evolution of E-Learning

    The last decade transformed e-learning radically. In the early days, courses offered for e-learning were typically custom created, by groups of programmers who were aided by software creating tools. Advancement in technology led to the creation of worldwide web, making the creation of e-learning courses a simpler task, that anyone without programming knowledge could complete.

    Changes in technology brought new hardware like portable computers, which made it very easy for learners to access course material online. Today, many people are using tablets and smart-phones for online classes and web seminars or webinars.

    Types of E-Learning

    E-Learning can be classified by the ways in which it is shared from the instructor, to the student. An informal distribution form of e-learning is one in which the students are trusted to view the available course material, and are not tracked or tested, for completion.

    In the formal distribution form of e-learning, instructors usually keep track and make recordings of learner progress and results. Most educational institutions that offer certifications for students have specific systems and standards for gauging the scores for students.

    Learning Management Systems or LMS is used for tracking scores and to ensure that the students’ standards for each course are maintained. They are platforms that enable users to create good online courses; and also the students to be able to access these courses. These platforms are of different types and they have different capabilities. Some are free while others are offered at a fee.

    Elements of E-Learning

    When creating an online course, there are a number of criterion to be met. Setting a list of criterion ensures that students benefit fully from the course they signed up for.
    Some common elements of e-Learning are as follows:

    1. The role played by the teacher/instructor is vital. He/she is necessary to offer necessary feedback to students. He/she is also sometimes responsible for keeping students’ progress or scores.
    2. A well-organized Learning Management System is necessary. It should be easily navigable by both the student and the instructor.
    3. The learning material is the key feature in e-learning. Usually, course material is formatted in a way that is simple and easily accessible for students.
    4. Communication is important for learning. To be able to access online coursework from the instructor, students have to use one or more of the many modes of communication or delivery methods.

    There is a myriad of devices today that allow teachers and learners to share knowledge. The trainer connects to viewers or listeners interactively, using multimedia, voice communications, videos (live or prerecorded), presentations, product demonstrations and text chats, mostly over the internet.

    Importance of E-Learning 

    E-learning was introduced to promote student literacy. With the development of technology and advent of a variety of websites and apps that support e-learning, the users have been empowered to get basic education and skills. 

    E-learning has aggregated all the  tutors, experts, learners and practitioners into a single place. The audio visual technologies have deducted the monotonous methods of teaching. 

    How Does Online Learning Work? 

    Online learning can be practiced through various platforms such as Skillshare and Google Classroom. A compact course catalog is available for the users to choose whatever course they would prefer. A pre-determined learning module is laid out by the tutors for each course. The user simply has to sign up and complete the course. 

    Advantages of E-Learning

    E-learning platforms possess tech-savvy and smart tools for the users to gain access to top notch content and knowledge. 

    1. Multimedia Tools

    From graphics to engrossing video clips, the e-learning process makes studying compelling. Instead of going through mundane lessons, the e-learning platforms have high-tech multimedia tools to engage with the users. 

    2. Sensory Engagement 

    E-learning tools and features increase the sensory engagement of the users. The learning methods require the learners to actively use their ears, eyes and hands while taking a lesson. This engagement makes the user involved in the particular assignment. 

    3. More Customization

    Each individual has a different set of skills. The pace and the power of retention is contrasting in every user. E-learning platforms acknowledge this fact and thus offer an individual experience for every user. 

    4. Course Correction 

    The e-learning platforms provide immediate feedback to the students. The users are corrected at once and are directed towards the right answer. The first hand feedback clears the queries of the users. 

    5. Speed 

    Instead of wasting time,the e-learning users can speed up the learning process.If the users already have the required knowledge of the subject, they can test their knowledge through mock tests and thus save time and resources. 

    6. Learner Satisfaction 

    Result boards, certificates and metrics provided by e-learning to its users boosts up the confidence of the users. It satisfies the users as they get to see the fruit of their labor. 

    7. Data and Analytics 

    With the help of data and analytics, the user responses can be checked. The Learning Management system can learn from the responses of the users and carry out the necessary changes.

    8. Standardization 

    The e-learning system makes its content and material user friendly to engage the user. Shaping learning methods as per the user’s need makes it easier for the user to absorb and retain better. 

    9. Frequent Assignments 

    There are plenty of mock tests, quizzes and assignments on each e-learning platform for the users to put their knowledge to test. These assignments not only help the user to use their knowledge but it also boosts their confidence. 

    10. Eco friendly and Maintainable 

    E-learning tools do not waste resources and instead are good for the environment. These tools use less energy and carry out better results. 

    11. Scalability 

    The e-learning system reflects the ability to allow a number of users to connect from all over the globe. It manages and organizes the users into various branches without delays. 

    Disadvantages of E-Learning 

    While there is always another side to the coin, e-learning too has some disadvantages to itself. 

    1. Social Isolation 

    The users of the e-learning platforms often learn to shy away from the real world. Sitting in their personal space, the users resist going out in outer spaces. They isolate themselves from society and thus find themselves alone.

    2. Lack of Technological Literacy 

    Not everyone has access to technology and resources. For those who have access may not know how to operate. A large section of the society is still unable to afford or gain access to the resources and devices required for the e-learning process.

    3. Lack of Time Management Skills 

    The users of the e-learning platforms are often observed to procrastinate. The users toss aside their lessons for the next day because they have the alternative to access the learning material at any time they prefer. The users hence develop poor time management skills. 

    In a fast-pacing, technology-oriented world of today, people are adopting technology and finding new ways to integrate it in support of education. E-learning is leading the way, redefining ways in which knowledge is acquired.

    Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/why-e-learning-article

    2Feb, 2023
    Know All About Range in Python [Syntax, Parameters, Examples included]

    A built-in function in Python using which a sequence of numbers is generated within a given range is called range in Python. To implement range in Python, you need to make use of a function called range() function. 

    Necessity to Use Range() Function in Python:

    • Whenever an action needs to be performed a certain number of times, then you must make use of range in Python to generate a sequence of numbers within a given range.
    • The range() function is used in loops like for loop, while loop etc. to iterate through the sequences.

    Range() Function Is in Three Different Ways

    Range() Function Is in Three Different Ways Based on the Parameters You Are Passing to the Function. They Are:

    • range(stop)
    • range(start, stop)
    • range(start, stop, step)

    The syntax to define range() function in Python is as follows:

    range(stop)

    where,

    • Stop represents the integer till which the sequence of integers should be generated
    • The sequence of integers is generated using the range() function, by passing just one argument stop, begins from 0

    Example 1:

    Python program to show the range() function in Python by passing just one argument stop to the range() function, to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen:

    #defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 0 to 4 using range() function

    for each_element in range(5):

    print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

    You can see the output of the above program in the snapshot below:

    RangeInPythonEx1

    range(start, stop)

    where,

    • Start represents the integer from which the sequence of integers must begin
    • Stop represents the integer till which the sequence of integers that must be generated
    • The sequence of integers generated using range() function by passing two arguments start and stop, begins from the integer specified as start till the integer specified as stop, but not including the integer stop

    Example 2:

    Python program to demonstrate the range() function in Python by passing two arguments start and stop to the range() function, to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen: 

    #defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 1 to 5 using range() function

    for each_element in range(1,6):

    print(“The first value is = “, each_element)

    print()

    You can see the output of the above program in the snapshot below:

    RangeInPythonEx2png

    range(start, stop, step) 

    where,

    • Start represents the integer from which the sequence of integers must begin
    • Stop represents the integer till which the sequence of integers that must be generated
    • Step represents the difference between consecutive integers in the generated sequence
    •  If the argument step is not specified in the range() function, then the value of the step is 1 by default for the sequence of integers generated
    • The sequence of integers generated using range() function by passing three arguments- start, stop and step begins from the integer specified as start till the integer specified as stop, but not including the integer stop

    Example 3:

    Python program to demonstrate the range() function in Python by passing three arguments start, stop and step, to the range() function to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen:

    #defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 1 till 6 with a difference of 2 between consecutive integers in the generated sequence using range() function

    for each_element in range(1,6, 2):

    print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

    The output of the above program is shown in the snapshot below:

    RangeInPythonEx3

    Incrementing With Range and Decrementing With Range

    • The step value passed as an argument to the range() function can be a positive value or negative value
    • If the step value passed as an argument to the range() function is positive, then the generated sequence using the range() function is an incrementing range with the step, as the difference between consecutive integers in the generated sequence
    • If the step value passed as an argument to the range() function is negative, then the generated sequence using the range() function is a decrementing range, with the step as the difference between consecutive integers in the generated sequence

    Example 4:

    Python program to demonstrate incrementing with range and decrementing with the range using range() function in Python to generate a sequence of integers and display the output on the screen: 

    #defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 1 to 10 with a difference of 3 between consecutive integers in the generated sequence using range() function

    for each_element in range(1,10, 3):

    print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

    #defining a for loop to iterate through the generated sequence of numbers starting from 10 till 1 with a difference of -3 between consecutive integers in the generated sequence using range() function

    for each_element in range(10,1, -3):

    print("The first value is = ", each_element)

print()

    The output of the above program is shown in the snapshot below:

    RangeInPythonEx4

    Concatenation of the Result of Two Range() Functions:

    • The sequence of integers generated using two different range() functions can be concatenated using the chain() function
    • The chain() function iterates through the generated sequence of integers from each range() function passed as arguments to the chain() function one after the other

    The syntax to define chain() function is as follows:

    chain(range, range1)

    where range represents the first range() function to generate a sequence of integers to be concatenated with the sequence of integers generated from the second range() function specified as range 1.

    Example 5:

    Python program to demonstrate chain() function in Python to concatenate two sequences of integers generated from two range() functions and display the output on the screen:

    #importing the module chain
from itertools import chain
#using chain() function to concatenate the sequence of integers generated from two range() functions
con_seq = chain(range(3), range(5,3,-1))
#defining a for loop to iterate through the sequence of numbers generated using chain() function
for each_element in con_seq:
print("The first value is = ", each_element)
print()

    The output of the above program is shown in the snapshot below:

    RangeEx5

    Looking forward to making a move to the programming field? Take up the Python Training Course and begin your career as a professional Python programmer

    Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/range-in-python

    2Feb, 2023
    What is a Full Stack Developer: Required Skills and More in 2023

    What is a Full Stack Developer?

    Full-stack technology refers to the entire depth of a computer system application, and full stack web developers are those who are capable of developing both the front end and the back end of web development. All of the features that are visible to the client, or the viewer of the site, are included in the front end.

    • Programming a browser (By using JavaScript, jQuery, Angular, or Vue)
    • Programming a server (By using PHP, ASP, Python, or Node)

    Let’s say you’re using your Instagram application. Every time you refresh, new content is loaded on your screen. You can like a picture, add new ones, search for profiles and do so much more. Although it provides a seamless user experience, there’s a lot that goes on in the backend. HTTP requests are made to the Instagram servers to retrieve and load information. This is facilitated with the help of backend frameworks. 

    Typically every application consists of the front-end, the backend, and the database. 

    A Full Stack Developer is associated with the creation of an application from its start to finish. He designs the front-end and the backend of an application while ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and other crucial features. 

    Client Software (Front End) vs. Server Software (Back End)

    Client Software (Front End)

    Front-end development is programming done on the front end of a website – the part that people view and interact with. Front-end developers are in charge of the complete user interface as well as the application’s aesthetic design. Front-end developers are critical in ensuring that users have a good experience every time they browse a site since websites are more effective when they appear professional and work efficiently. Front-end developers typically employ CSS3, JavaScript, and HTML because these languages are essential for website design. Some of the languages used are mentioned below.

    Server Software (Back End)

    If the front end of a website is the user interface and navigation, the back end is the nuts and bolts. It makes no difference how well a website looks or functions if it lacks content. PHP, Python, and CSS are some of the most popular languages for back-end programming.

    PHP is frequently used in conjunction with SQL to build online databases. The front-end HTML files use information obtained from this database. Every time you update your social media profiles or read the news, you are probably engaging with these languages without even realizing it. A database becomes more important as the amount of information saved on a website grows. 

    Skills of a Full Stack Developer

    Now that you know what a full stack developer does, let’s look at the skills required to become one. 

    Front-end Languages and Frameworks

    HTML and CSS

    HTML short of Hypertext markup language governs the appearance of text/images on the screen. It formats the text as headings, paragraphs, pop-ups and so on. It typically consists of tags that give a different meaning to the text in a document structure. 

    html-css-fullstack

    CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet that allows to alter and style different web components for font, size, spacing, etc. It makes the content on the webpage more decorative.

    css-full-stack

    JavaScript

    It is a powerful client-side programming language mainly used for enhancing user interaction with the application. It offers several libraries and frameworks like React, Angular, Vue, and JQuery. A full stack developer needs to be proficient in one or more of these tools. 

    javascript-fullstack

    Backend Technologies and Frameworks

    • JavaScript and its environments like NodeJS and ExpressJS. Node is an open-source, cross-platform runtime environment that allows developers to create server-side tools and JavaScript applications. Knowledge of the basic command line like npm (Node Package Manager) is essential.
    • Java, in particular, was built from the ground up to be run on the server-side. Popular Java frameworks include Spring and Java Server faces. 
    • Python is the most popularly used language. It is flexible and easy to use. We use Python frameworks like Django and Flask for backend development. Django is a high-level Python web framework that enables rapid development of websites. It is free and open-source, has a huge and active community of users.
    • C# language is for many the most preferred architecture when it comes to backend programming in Windows environments.
    • Other languages include PHP, Perl, and Ruby.

    Database Management Systems

    A full-stack developer writes code that is used to perform Relational mapping to fetch data from the database. Some popularly used DBMS are MySQL, SQL SERVER and PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Oracle Database. A good understanding of their workings is critical. 

    Version Control

    Version control systems help manage the project files and keep track of the entire history of the user’s things. Popular ones are Git, Github, and Subversion.  

    Git helps manage the project files. It keeps track of the entire history of things that the user is working on. GitHub is a web-based service for version control using Git. The user can look at other people’s code, identify issues or errors, and even propose changes. 

    Web Hosting Platforms

    Web hosting platforms allow you to deploy your product on a cloud service provider so we can access it from the WWW. Popular ones are Amazon web services, Google cloud platform, Heroku, and Microsoft Azure.

    Soft Skills 

    A full-stack developer needs to possess some basic soft skills as well. 

    1. Creativity – The developer must understand the project’s objectives and create a product that engages the target audience. 
    2. Strategic planning – Planning is a critical phase in any development life-cycle. The developer should possess the aptitude to plan the design, development, and implementation phases strategically. This helps streamline the process.
    3. Analytical skills – As the name suggests, these skills help analyze information accurately and make logical, data-driven decisions that help in maximizing efficiency. Now, these are skills that one develops when they’re exposed to it. But a good sense of understanding is required. 
    4. Problem-solving skills are again crucial to predict any errors and develop a bug-free application. From a business perspective, problem-solving skills play a significant role in ensuring the smooth conduction of tasks. 
    5. Time management skills – The developer must meet the deadlines while ensuring proper execution of his tasks.

    Now that you are familiar with the skills, let’s look at the key responsibilities. 

    Responsibilities of a Full Stack Developer

    • Development of front-end – With the help of HTML/CSS and JavaScript frameworks and libraries, the developer must be able to build interactive user interfaces. 
    • Design the backend of the application – He must be able to build a robust backend architecture to fetch data from the servers.
    • Creating databases and servers – These systems must be resilient to outages and must function endlessly. 
    • Ensuring Cross Platform compatibility – Applications must run smoothly on all operating systems like Windows, MacOS, and Linux. 
    • API development – Depending on the application architecture, the developer is responsible for API creation. These APIs perform crucial tasks like fetching data from the server. 
    • Meet all technical and consumer requirements – The developer must be able to build responsive applications that meet customer requirements and keep them engaged. 

    Programming Languages and Tools of Full Stack

    • HTML – HTML or Hypertext Markup language is used by developers for making web pages. To build user interfaces that are both efficient and simple to use, a full-stack developer needs a solid grasp of HTML.
    • CSS – HTML markup is styled using CSS, a style sheet language. For the purpose of developing aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly websites and applications, a full-stack developer must have a solid understanding of CSS.
    • Bootstrap – The most widely used CSS framework for creating adaptive and mobile-first websites is Bootstrap. 
    • W3.CSS –  W3.CSS is a modern framework with built-in responsiveness that is simple to learn and use.
    • JavaScript – A programming language called JavaScript is used to make interactive web pages. To construct dynamic and user-friendly websites and applications, a full-stack developer has to have a solid grasp of JavaScript.
    • HTML DOM – When you load a web page, the browser produces a Document Object Model of the page. The HTML DOM is an HTML Object Model. can components in the form of objects
    1. All HTML components have properties.
    2. All HTML elements have methods.
    3. All HTML elements have events.
    • Python – Python is the most widely used server-side programming language. This versatile language has a plethora of applications in various industries such as machine learning, data analysis, and back-end web development.
    • Tools – Below mentioned are the most commonly used tools by full-stack developers to enhance development and its efficiency. 
    1. Backbone
    2. Visual Studio Code
    3. WebStorm
    4. Slack
    5. Electron
    6. TypeScript
    7. CodePen
    8. GitHub

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Full Stack

    Advantages 

    • You can master all of the approaches required in a development project.
    • A prototype can be created quickly.
    • You can cut the project’s costs.
    • Depending on your needs, you can swap between front and back-end development.
    • You can have a better understanding of all elements of new and emerging technology.

    Disadvantages

    • Sometimes the solution selected may not be suitable for the project.
    • The solution used may be determined by the developer’s abilities.
    • The solution may pose a key person risk.
    • Being a full-stack developer is becoming more difficult.

    How to Become a Full Stack Developer

    There are a few things you need to know if you want to become a Full Stack developer. First, you need to have a solid understanding of the different types of technologies that are used to create web applications. These include HTML, CSS, JavaScript, AJAX, and PHP. Second, you need to be able to use these technologies to create a functioning web application. And third, you need to be able to deploy and maintain your web applications.

    If you have these three things down, then you’re well on your way to becoming a full stack developer. Let’s take a closer look at each of these components so you can start building your skills.

    Experience Required to Become a Full Stack Developer

    It takes a lot of experience to become a Full Stack developer. Some people might argue that you need a college degree in computer science or a related field. However, there are many developers who have become extremely successful without a four-year college education. So, while a degree may give you a leg up, it’s not necessary to become a Full Stack developer. In fact, earning your certification in an accredited online program can be a more cost-efficient way to learn the skills necessary to succeed in this field. It can also be completed in a fraction of the time compared to completing a college education.

    In order to become a Full Stack developer, you need to have a strong understanding of both back-end and front-end development. This means that you need to be able to not only build websites and applications, but also understand how they work behind the scenes. You need to be comfortable working with different programming languages, databases, and frameworks. And, you need to be able to quickly learn new technologies as they emerge.

    Of course, becoming a Full Stack developer doesn’t happen overnight. It takes years of experience and continuous learning to gain the skills and knowledge necessary to be successful in this field. But if you’re passionate about web development and are willing to put in the hard work, it’s definitely achievable.

    Personality Traits of a Full Stack Developer

    When it comes to being a Full Stack developer, there are certain personality traits that can help you succeed. Here are some of the most important ones:

    1. You’re a Problem Solver.

    You enjoy finding solutions to problems, both big and small. You’re always looking for ways to improve things and make them work better.

    2. You’re a Good Communicator.

    You know how to communicate clearly and effectively, both in writing and in person. You’re able to explain complex technical concepts to non-technical people.

    3. You’re Resourceful.

    You’re good at finding the resources you need, whether it’s information, people, or tools. You’re not afraid to ask for help when you need it.

    4. You’re Organized.

    You’re able to keep track of multiple projects and deadlines. You have a system for organizing your work so that you can always find what you need when you need it.

    5. You’re Flexible.

    You’re willing to change your plans when necessary. You know that sometimes the best solution is the one that wasn’t originally planned.

    6. You’re a Lifelong Learner.

    You’re always learning new things, whether it’s a new programming language or a new way to solve a problem. You’re not afraid of change, and you’re always looking for ways to improve your skills.

    7. You’re a Team Player.

    You know that there’s strength in numbers. You’re able to work well with others, and you’re always looking for ways to help the team succeed.

    8. You’re Positive.

    You have a positive attitude, even when things are tough. You believe that anything is possible with enough hard work and determination.

    These are just some of the personality traits that can help you succeed as a Full Stack developer. If you have these qualities, then you’re well on your way to becoming a successful developer.

    Glossary of Full-stack Developer Terms

    1. API – API stands for “Application Program Interface.” How computers and programmes connect.
    2. Application – These applications, often known as apps, are designed to do certain tasks. This includes mobile applications.
    3. Bug –  An issue or fault in the website or software that prevents it from functioning properly.
    4. Framework – A collection of applications used in the building of a website or software.
    5. FTP – FTP stands for “File Transfer Protocol.” File transfer method from one computer to another.
    6. Widgets –  Applications that allow particular interactive operations on a website to be done.

    Interview Questions and Answers

    1. What is Full Stack development?

    Full Stack development includes the process of developing the front end and back end of a web application/website simultaneously.

    2. What is CORS?

    CORS is a mechanism that uses additional HTTP headers to instruct browsers to deliver a web application running at a single origin.

    3. Define Inversion of Control (IoC)?

    Inversion of Control (IoC) is a general term used by software developers to define a methodology for decoupling system components and levels.

    4. In JavaScript, what is a callback?

    In JavaScript, a callback is a function that is supplied as an argument into another function and then requested to perform some kind of action or procedure inside the outer function.

    Looking to accelerate your career as a skilled Full Stack Web Developer? Leverage Caltech CTME’s academic excellence in a unique bootcamp-style Post Graduate Program in Full Stack Web Development. Enroll Now!

    Next Steps

    We hope that this article on ‘Who is a Full Stack developer’ helped you. If you are looking to get advanced practical learning of Full Stack technologies and perhaps make a career out of it, certification will come in handy.

    Simplilearn’s Full Stack Java Developer Master’s Program gives you an in-depth understanding of full-stack development. This course on full stack Java development is packaged to give you a comprehensive and collective understanding of front-end, middleware, and back-end Java web developer technologies. Through this program, you will learn to build an application from end to end, test and deploy code, store data using MongoDB, and much more.

    If you have feedback or questions on the topic, please drop us a comment in the comments section of this article. Our experts will get back to you ASAP!

    Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/skills-required-to-become-a-full-stack-developer-article#salary_of_a_full_stack_developer

    1Feb, 2023
    Types Of Software Testing: Different Testing Types With Details

    Are You Ready to Explore the Different Types of Software Testing?

    We, as testers, are aware of the various types of Software Testing like Functional Testing, Non-Functional Testing, Automation Testing, Agile Testing, and their sub-types, etc.

    Each of us would have come across several types of testing on our testing journey. We might have heard some and we might have worked on some, but not everyone has knowledge about all the testing types.

    Each type of testing has its own features, advantages, and disadvantages as well. However, in this tutorial, we have covered mostly each and every type of software testing which we usually use in our day-to-day testing life.

    Different Types Of Software Testing

    Functional Testing

    There are four main types of functional testing.

    #1) Unit Testing

    Unit testing is a type of software testing which is done on an individual unit or component to test its corrections. Typically, Unit testing is done by the developer at the application development phase. Each unit in unit testing can be viewed as a method, function, procedure, or object. Developers often use test automation tools such as NUnit, Xunit, JUnit for the test execution.

    Unit testing is important because we can find more defects at the unit test level.

    For example, there is a simple calculator application. The developer can write the unit test to check if the user can enter two numbers and get the correct sum for addition functionality.

    a) White Box Testing

    White box testing is a test technique in which the internal structure or code of an application is visible and accessible to the tester. In this technique, it is easy to find loopholes in the design of an application or fault in business logic. Statement coverage and decision coverage/branch coverage are examples of white box test techniques.

    b) Gorilla Testing

    Gorilla testing is a test technique in which the tester and/or developer test the module of the application thoroughly in all aspects. Gorilla testing is done to check how robust your application is.

    For example, the tester is testing the pet insurance company’s website, which provides the service of buying an insurance policy, tag for the pet, Lifetime membership. The tester can focus on any one module, let’s say, the insurance policy module, and test it thoroughly with positive and negative test scenarios.

    #2) Integration Testing

    Integration testing is a type of software testing where two or more modules of an application are logically grouped together and tested as a whole. The focus of this type of testing is to find the defect on interface, communication, and data flow among modules. Top-down or Bottom-up approach is used while integrating modules into the whole system.

    This type of testing is done on integrating modules of a system or between systems. For example, a user is buying a flight ticket from any airline website. Users can see flight details and payment information while buying a ticket, but flight details and payment processing are two different systems. Integration testing should be done while integrating of airline website and payment processing system.

    a) Gray box testing

    As the name suggests, gray box testing is a combination of white-box testing and black-box testing. Testers have partial knowledge of the internal structure or code of an application.

    #3) System Testing

    System testing is types of testing where tester evaluates the whole system against the specified requirements.

    a) End to End Testing

    It involves testing a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.

    For example, a tester is testing a pet insurance website. End to End testing involves testing of buying an insurance policy, LPM, tag, adding another pet, updating credit card information on users’ accounts, updating user address information, receiving order confirmation emails and policy documents.

    b) Black Box Testing

    Blackbox testing is a software testing technique in which testing is performed without knowing the internal structure, design, or code of a system under test. Testers should focus only on the input and output of test objects.

    Detailed information about the advantages, disadvantages, and types of Black Box testing can be found here.

    c) Smoke Testing

    Smoke testing is performed to verify that basic and critical functionality of the system under test is working fine at a very high level.

    Whenever a new build is provided by the development team, then the Software Testing team validates the build and ensures that no major issue exists. The testing team will ensure that the build is stable, and a detailed level of testing will be carried out further.

    For example, tester is testing pet insurance website. Buying an insurance policy, adding another pet, providing quotes are all basic and critical functionality of the application. Smoke testing for this website verifies that all these functionalities are working fine before doing any in-depth testing.

    d) Sanity Testing

    Sanity testing is performed on a system to verify that newly added functionality or bug fixes are working fine. Sanity testing is done on stable build. It is a subset of the regression test.

    For example, a tester is testing a pet insurance website. There is a change in the discount for buying a policy for second pet. Then sanity testing is only performed on buying insurance policy module.

    e) Happy path Testing

    The objective of Happy Path Testing is to test an application successfully on a positive flow. It does not look for negative or error conditions. The focus is only on valid and positive inputs through which the application generates the expected output.

    f) Monkey Testing

    Monkey Testing is carried out by a tester, assuming that if the monkey uses the application, then how random input and values will be entered by the Monkey without any knowledge or understanding of the application.

    The objective of Monkey Testing is to check if an application or system gets crashed by providing random input values/data. Monkey Testing is performed randomly, no test cases are scripted, and it is not necessary to be aware
    of the full functionality of the system.

    #4) Acceptance Testing

    Acceptance testing is a type of testing where client/business/customer test the software with real time business scenarios.

    The client accepts the software only when all the features and functionalities work as expected. This is the last phase of testing, after which the software goes into production. This is also called User Acceptance Testing (UAT).

    a) Alpha Testing

    Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing performed by the team in an organization to find as many defects as possible before releasing software to customers.

    For example, the pet insurance website is under UAT. UAT team will run real-time scenarios like buying an insurance policy, buying annual membership, changing the address, ownership transfer of the pet in a same way the user uses the real website. The team can use test credit card information to process payment-related scenarios.

    b) Beta Testing

    Beta Testing is a type of software testing which is carried out by the clients/customers. It is performed in the Real Environment before releasing the product to the market for the actual end-users.

    Beta Testing is carried out to ensure that there are no major failures in the software or product, and it satisfies the business requirements from an end-user perspective. Beta Testing is successful when the customer accepts the software.

    Usually, this testing is typically done by the end-users. This is the final testing done before releasing the application for commercial purposes. Usually, the Beta version of the software or product released is limited to a certain number of users in a specific area.

    So, the end-user uses the software and shares the feedback with the company. The company then takes necessary action before releasing the software worldwide.

    c) Operational acceptance testing (OAT)

    Operational acceptance testing of the system is performed by operations or system administration staff in the production environment. The purpose of operational acceptance testing is to make sure that the system administrators can keep the system working properly for the users in a real-time environment.

    The focus of the OAT is on the following points:

    • Testing of backup and restore.
    • Installing, uninstalling, upgrading software.
    • The recovery process in case of natural disaster.
    • User management.
    • Maintenance of the software.

    Non-Functional Testing

    There are four main types of functional testing.

    #1) Security Testing

    It is a type of testing performed by a special team. Any hacking method can penetrate the system.

    Security Testing is done to check how the software, application, or website is secure from internal and/or external threats. This testing includes how much software is secure from malicious programs, viruses and how secure & strong the authorization and authentication processes are.

    It also checks how software behaves for any hacker’s attack & malicious programs and how software is maintained for data security after such a hacker attack.

    a) Penetration Testing

    Penetration Testing or Pen testing is the type of security testing performed as an authorized cyberattack on the system to find out the weak points of the system in terms of security.

    Pen testing is performed by outside contractors, generally known as ethical hackers. That is why it is also known as ethical hacking. Contractors perform different operations like SQL injection, URL manipulation, Privilege Elevation, session expiry, and provide reports to the organization.

    Notes: Do not perform the Pen testing on your laptop/computer. Always take written permission to do pen tests.

    #2) Performance Testing

    Performance testing is testing of an application’s stability and response time by applying load.

    The word stability means the ability of the application to withstand in the presence of load. Response time is how quickly an application is available to users. Performance testing is done with the help of tools. Loader.IO, JMeter, LoadRunner, etc. are good tools available in the market.

    a) Load testing

    Load testing is testing of an application’s stability and response time by applying load, which is equal to or less than the designed number of users for an application.

    For example, your application handles 100 users at a time with a response time of 3 seconds, then load testing can be done by applying a load of the maximum of 100 or less than 100 users. The goal is to verify that the application is responding within 3 seconds for all the users.

    b) Stress Testing

    Stress testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by applying load, which is more than the designed number of users for an application.

    For example, your application handles 1000 users at a time with a response time of 4 seconds, then stress testing can be done by applying a load of more than 1000 users. Test the application with 1100,1200,1300 users and notice the response time. The goal is to verify the stability of an application under stress.

    c) Scalability Testing

    Scalability testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by applying load, which is more than the designed number of users for an application.

    For example, your application handles 1000 users at a time with a response time of 2 seconds, then scalability testing can be done by applying a load of more than 1000 users and gradually increasing the number of users to find out where exactly my application is crashing.

    Let’s say my application is giving response time as follows:

    •  1000 users -2 sec
    •  1400 users -2 sec
    •  4000 users -3 sec
    •  5000 users -45 sec
    •  5150 users- crash – This is the point that needs to identify in scalability testing

    d) Volume testing (flood testing)

    Volume testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by transferring a large volume of data to the database. Basically, it tests the capacity of the database to handle the data.

    e) Endurance Testing (Soak Testing)

    Endurance testing is testing an application’s stability and response time by applying load continuously for a longer period to verify that the application is working fine.

    For example, car companies soak testing to verify that users can drive cars continuously for hours without any problem.

    #3) Usability Testing

    Usability testing is testing an application from the user’s perspective to check the look and feel and user-friendliness.

    For example, there is a mobile app for stock trading, and a tester is performing usability testing. Testers can check the scenario like if the mobile app is easy to operate with one hand or not, scroll bar should be vertical, background color of the app should be black and price of and stock is displayed in red or green color.

    The main idea of usability testing of this kind of app is that as soon as the user opens the app, the user should get a glance at the market.

    a) Exploratory testing

    Exploratory Testing is informal testing performed by the testing team. The objective of this testing is to explore the application and look for defects that exist in the application. Testers use the knowledge of the business domain to test the application. Test charters are used to guide the exploratory testing.

    b) Cross browser testing

    Cross browser testing is testing an application on different browsers, operating systems, mobile devices to see look and feel and performance.

    Why do we need cross-browser testing? The answer is different users use different operating systems, different browsers, and different mobile devices. The goal of the company is to get a good user experience regardless of those devices.

    Browser stack provides all the versions of all the browsers and all mobile devices to test the application. For learning purposes, it is good to take the free trial given by browser stack for a few days.

    c) Accessibility Testing

    The aim of Accessibility Testing is to determine whether the software or application is accessible for disabled people or not.

    Here, disability means deafness, color blindness, mentally disabled, blind, old age, and other disabled groups. Various checks are performed, such as font size for visually disabled, color and contrast for color blindness, etc.

    #4) Compatibility testing

    This is a testing type in which it validates how software behaves and runs in a different environment, web servers, hardware, and network environment.

    Compatibility testing ensures that software can run on different configuration, different databases, different browsers, and their versions. The testing team performs compatibility testing.

    Other Types of Testing

    Ad-hoc Testing

    The name itself suggests that this testing is performed on an ad-hoc basis, i.e., with no reference to the test case and also without any plan or documentation in place for this type of testing.

    The objective of this testing is to find the defects and break the application by executing any flow of the application or any random functionality.

    Ad-hoc testing is an informal way of finding defects and can be performed by anyone in the project. It is difficult to identify defects without a test case, but sometimes it is possible that defects found during ad-hoc testing might not have been identified using the existing test cases.

    Back-end Testing

    Whenever an input or data is entered on the front-end application, it is stored in the database and the testing of such database is known as Database Testing or Backend Testing.

    There are different databases like SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, etc. Database Testing involves testing of table structure, schema, stored procedure, data structure, and so on. In Back-end Testing, GUI is not involved, the testers are directly connected to the database with proper access and testers can easily verify data by running a few queries on the database.

    There can be issues identified like data loss, deadlock, data corruption, etc during this back-end testing and these issues are critical to fixing before the system goes live into the production environment.

    Browser Compatibility Testing

    This is a sub-type of Compatibility Testing (which is explained below) and is performed by the testing team.

    Browser Compatibility Testing is performed for web applications and ensures that the software can run with a combination of different browsers and operating systems. This type of testing also validates whether a web application runs on all versions of all browsers or not.

    Backward Compatibility Testing

    It is a type of testing that validates whether the newly developed software or updated software works well with the older version of the environment or not.

    Backward Compatibility Testing checks whether the new version of the software works properly with the file format created by an older version of the software. It also works well with data tables, data files, and data structures created by the older version of that software. If any of the software is updated, then it should work well on top of the previous version of that software.

    Black Box Testing

    Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are based on the requirements and functionality.

    Detailed information about the advantages, disadvantages, and types of Black Box testing can be found here.

    Boundary Value Testing

    This type of testing checks the behavior of the application at the boundary level.

    Boundary Value Testing is performed to check if defects exist at boundary values. Boundary Value Testing is used for testing a different range of numbers. There is an upper and lower boundary for each range and testing is performed on these boundary values.

    If testing requires a test range of numbers from 1 to 500, then Boundary Value Testing is performed on values at 0, 1, 2, 499, 500, and 501.

    Branch Testing

    This is also known as Branch coverage or decision coverage testing. It is a type of white box testing performed at the unit test level. It is done to make sure that each possible path from the decision point is executed at least once for 100% of test coverage.

    Example:

    Read number A, B
    If (A>B) then
    Print(“A is greater”)
    Else
    Print(“B is greater”)

    Here, there are two branches, one for if and the other for else. For 100% coverage, we need 2 test cases with different values of A and B.

    Test case 1: A=10, B=5 It will cover the if branch.

    Test case 2: A=7, B=15 It will cover the else branch.

    Comparison Testing

    Comparison of a product’s strengths and weaknesses with its previous versions or other similar products is termed Comparison Testing.

    Equivalence Partitioning

    It is a testing technique and a type of Black Box Testing. During this Equivalence Partitioning, a set of groups are selected and a few values or numbers are picked up for testing. It is understood that all values from that group generate the same output.

    The aim of this testing is to remove redundant test cases within a specific group that generate the same output but not any defect.

    Suppose the application accepts values between -10 and +10, then using equivalence partitioning, the values picked for testing are zero, one positive value, and one negative value. So the Equivalence Partitioning for this testing is  -10 to -1, 0, and 1 to 10.

    Example Testing

    Example testing is real-time testing. It includes real-time scenarios and scenarios are based on the experience of the testers.

    This type of testing is also known as experience-based testing because it uses the tester’s knowledge of how the application has worked in the past, how to break the application, what kind of errors are common in this type of application.

    Graphical User Interface (GUI) Testing

    The objective of this GUI Testing is to validate the GUI as per the business requirement. The expected GUI of the application is mentioned in the Detailed Design Document and GUI mockup screens.

    GUI Testing includes the size of the buttons and input fields present on the screen, alignment of all text, tables, and content in the tables.

    It also validates the menu of the application. After selecting different menu and menu items, it validates that the page does not fluctuate, and the alignment remains the same after hovering the mouse on the menu or sub-menu.

    Incremental Integration Testing

    Incremental Integration Testing is a Bottom-up approach for testing, i.e continuous testing of an application when new functionality is added.

    Application functionality and modules should be independent enough to test separately. This is done by programmers or by testers.

    Install/Uninstall Testing

    Installation testing is performed to check that the software application is installed properly and working as per expectation. Installation testing is a phase of testing before users interact with the actual application for the first time. Installation testing is also called “Implementation Testing”.

    Uninstallation Testing is performed to confirm if all the components or elements of the software are removed from the system or not.

    Installation and Uninstallation Testing is done on full, partial, or upgraded install/uninstall processes on different operating systems under different hardware or software environments.

    Mutation Testing

    Mutation Testing is a type of white box testing in which the source code of one program is changed and verifies whether the existing test cases can identify these defects in the system.

    The change in the program source code is very minimal, so it does not impact the entire application, only the specific area having the impact and the related test cases should be able to identify those errors in the system.

    Negative Testing

    The mindset of the tester is to “Break the System/Application” and it is achieved through Negative Testing.

    Negative Testing technique is performed using incorrect data, invalid data, or input. It validates if the system throws an error of invalid input and behaves as expected.

    It should not take much time to load any page or system and should be sustained during peak load. Different performance and load tools are used to do this testing.

    Recovery Testing

    It is a type of testing that validates how well the application or system recovers from crashes or disasters.

    Recovery Testing determines if the system can continue its operation after a disaster. Assume that the application is receiving data through a network cable and suddenly that network cable has been unplugged.

    Sometime later, plug in the network cable; then the system should start receiving data from where it lost the connection due to the network cable being unplugged.

    Regression Testing

    Regression testing is testing of unchanged features of the application to make sure that any bug fixes, adding new features, deleting, or updating existing features, are not impacting the working application.

    To find out regression scope is an important part in  Regression Testing. To find out regression scope, Tester needs to find out the area of application where changes happened and the Impact of those changes on the entire application. It is difficult to cover the whole regression test suite in every release, so Automation Testing Tools are used in regression testing.

    Risk-Based Testing (RBT)

    For Risk-Based Testing, the functionalities or requirements are tested based on their priority. Risk-Based Testing includes testing of highly critical functionality, which has the highest impact on business and in which the probability of failure is very high.

    Priority decisions are based on business needs, so once priority is set for all functionalities, then high priority functionality or test cases are executed first, followed by medium and then low priority functionalities.

    Low priority functionality may be tested or not tested based on the available time. Risk-Based Testing is carried out if there is insufficient time available to test the entire software and the software needs to be implemented on time without any delay.

    This approach is followed only by the discussion and approval of the client and senior management of the organization.

    Static Testing

    Static Testing is a type of testing which is done without the execution of any code. Reviews, walkthroughs, and inspections are different methods of performing static testing. Activities like reviewing of requirement documents, customer requirement specification, high level, and low-level design, code syntax, naming standards, etc. come under static testing.

    Static Testing also applies to test cases, test plans, test scenarios. Static testing is done to prevent the defect rather than catching the defect at a later stage. That is why static testing is cost-effective.

    For example, Tester is testing a pet insurance website. The logic for premium calculation is described in requirement documentation. As a part of static testing, testers can review the developer code for premium calculation and compare it with the requirement document to prevent the defect related to premium calculation.

    Vulnerability Testing

    The testing, which involves identifying weaknesses in the software, hardware, and network, is known as Vulnerability Testing. In malicious programs, the hacker can take control of the system, if it is vulnerable to such kinds of attacks, viruses, and worms.

    We need to check if those systems undergo Vulnerability Testing before production. It may identify critical defects and flaws in security.

    Resource : https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/types-of-software-testing/

    19Jan, 2023
    5 most in-demand career skills to learn in 2023

    When we think about our careers i.e. future, it is obvious that in a more advanced world, there will be more automated operations than today. Artificial intelligence has been introduced into many industrial activities and is expanding.

    There are many such skills that if you start learning now, you will get a lot of help in the future. Today we will know about the Top 5 Career Skills in Hindi 2023, which will enable us to live our life well in future.

    We know that if we work well for 2-3 years on any one Career Skill, then we get to learn a lot in it and our career becomes mine in it. If you start learning all these Career Skills then your future will be bright in 2023 and will be in massive demand within 2-3 years.

    Data Analytics

    This question must have come into your mind! The simplest definition of analytics is “thе ѕссiеnсе оf аnаlуѕiѕ” However, a practical definition can be “Data analysis refers to the technique of collecting raw data, analyzing it, and transforming it into information that can be used to draw a specific conclusion can be done to reach.

    A career in data analytics in India is growing rapidly with increasing demands of data analysts in large companies which are using big data and analytics tools. A person going for a career in data analytics should be competent enough to do in-depth research on the subject,

    Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

    Artificial intelligence is a software program that mimics the way humans learn and solve complex problems. These systems are different from other applications which mainly decide the process of transactions which are explicitly programmed.

    Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, under which the term refers to the ability of IT systems to independently find solutions to problems by recognizing patterns in databases. In other words: Machine learning enables IT systems to recognize patterns and develop adequate solution concepts based on existing algorithms and data sets.

    Digital Marketing

    Digital marketing refers to the marketing of products and services through the Internet and related channels.

    Digital marketing can help promote a brand using various digital channels, such as search engines, social networks, email, mobile, etc.

    Mobile Application Development

    Mobile App Development is a program that helps you develop apps for small and wireless computing devices.

    Earlier mobile applications were migrated from PC applications to mobile devices. But as mobile applications become more reliable, mobile application developers are moving towards a more sophisticated approach, which involves writing specifically for the mobile environment.

    Sales and Customer Skills

    Skills are essential to being a good salesperson. You must have a variety of skills to be good at sales. You have to understand people, marketing, business and etc.

    To be good in sales completely depends on you and you can learn how to be the best in sales.

    Resource : https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-5-most-in-demand-career-skills-to-learn-in-2023-3015294

    10Jan, 2023
    Java Developer Roadmap in 2023

    Table of Contents

    Java: A Brief Look

    Who Is a Java Developer?

    Exception Handling 

    Multithreading

    Java Input Output 

    Advanced Java

    Core Java

    The Java Developer Roadmap

    Mandatory Skills for Java Developers

    General Knowledge Development Skills for Your Java Developer Roadmap

    Java Developer Career Options

    How Would You Like a Cloud-Based Java Developer Career?

    By the end of 2021, Java was ranked the second most popular programming language on the TIOBE index, topped only by Python. The Index measures the popularity of different programming languages and is updated monthly.

    Thus, the future of Java looks bright, showing us that there will still be a strong demand for Java programming professionals like full-stack Java developers for the foreseeable future. So, let’s look at the Java developer roadmap for 2023 and see how to best leverage Java knowledge into an exciting and lucrative career.

    We will also give a quick Java introduction and the role of Java in cloud computing in the context of developer career options.

    Java: A Brief Look

    According to Java’s website, Java is “is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995.” Java is an object-oriented, class-based, general-purpose language widely used for coding applications and has been popular among developers for over 20 years. The compiled code of a Java application (called “bytecode”) runs on most operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.

    Java was created by Sun engineers known as the Green Team as a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes and televisions. However, the language was too complex for machines at the time, but it was an excellent fit for Internet programming. Java was first known as “Greentalk,” then “Oak,” and finally “Java.”

    There have been 19 versions of Java released thus far, with the 20th version slated for a March 2022 release.

    Who Is a Java Developer?

    A Java developer takes care of developing software and applications using Java programming. He/she collaborates with other software engineers and web developers to utilize Java for developing applications, websites, and more.

    A Java developer needs to be active until the end of the whole development life cycle of a solution or product. A developer also needs to be capable of analyzing and identifying technical problems concerning Java language and should come up with efficient, workable solutions. 

    Exception Handling 

    In Java, exception means an event that interrupts the normal flow of events in a program. Exception handling is a method to handle runtime errors such as RemoteException, IOExcpetion, SQLException, etc. 

    Multithreading

    A thread in Java refers to a lightweight process demanding fewer resources to create and share the process resources. Multithreading means a process of executing two or more threads at one time for the utmost utilization of the CPU. 

    Java Input Output 

    Java input-output is a crucial concept while working on Java programming. It includes elements such as input, output, and stream. Input refers to the data we provide to the program, whereas Output is the data we receive from the program. Stream represents the sequence of flow of the data. 

    Advanced Java

    To take a giant leap in Java learning, you should be familiar with the following concepts: 

    • Servlets
    • Java Persistence API
    • Java Database Connectivity 
    • JAX-RS
    • Thymeleaf
    • Design patterns

    Core Java

    Core Java is used to build computing or desktop applications. It is essentially based on single-tier architecture. 

    The Java Developer Roadmap

    Let’s explore the roadmap for becoming a full-stack Java developer. Full-stack developers can work equally well with front-end and back-end software (also called client-side and server-side, respectively), and this versatility puts them in high demand. Full-stack developers can do it all.

    Note that this Java developer roadmap is not the only one available. There are many paths up the mountain, as the saying goes. However, this particular roadmap offers a balanced, comprehensive, and realistic approach.

    Front-End Development

    These tools and skills are the foundations upon which you will build the rest of your Java developer roadmap. You should master these fundamental web development tools:

    You then need to familiarize yourself with Integrated Development Environments (IDE):

    • Sublime Text 3
    • Visual Studio Code IDE

    And, of course, since you’re focusing on front-end development, you need to know front-end frameworks like:

    Finally, you should become familiar with User Interface (UI) libraries like Bootstrap CSS and Material UI.

    Back-End Development

    For starters, you obviously need to master Core Java, including Java 8 features, also known as Java functional programming.

    Speaking of Java, back-end developers also need to learn Java build tools like:

    Like the front-end technology, back-end development has its IDEs:

    • Eclipse IDE
    • Intellij IDEA
    • Spring Tool Suite

    Back-end developers need to work with different databases, so they should become familiar with No SQL and relational databases like:

    No SQL databases

    Relational databases

    • MS-SQL Server
    • MySQL
    • Oracle
    • PostgreSQL
    • SQL Server

    Cloud databases

    • CosmosDB
    • DynamoDB

    Other necessary back-end technologies include:

    Build DAO/Repository Layers

    • JPA/Hibernate
    • Spring Data JPA

    Build REST APIs in Java

    • Jersey REST Framework
    • RestEasy Framework
    • Spring Boot

    Secure REST APIs using Spring Security

    • Authentication
    • JWT
    • Role-based authorization

    Mandatory Skills for Java Developers

    • Linux: As most of the Java applications are server-side, they typically run on Linux servers. Hence, it is critical to learn some Linux commands and concepts related to various functions. 
    • Data structures and algorithms: Data structures and algorithms are building blocks of any programming language. Data structures such as linkedin list, binary tree, hash table, queue, etc are important ones to learn.  
    • Fundamentals of computer science: It is crucial to be aware of fundamentals before learning any language. It helps in creating robust web or software applications. 
    • SQL: Learning SQL helps troubleshoot backend issues like a pro. 
    • Git and Github: As a Java programmer it is extremely important to be familiar with Git and GitHub concepts. They are popular version control systems. 

    Build Tools

    In order to build Java projects, you should be familiar with various build tools. Following are some of the tools for building your Java project: 

    • Ant
    • Maven
    • Gradle

    Servers

    Deploying should be ready once you have developed your web application. Deploying happens on servers; hence, you should be aware of them. Following are some of the servers that you can use to deploy your web applications: 

    • Weblogic
    • WebSphere
    • Jetty
    • JBOSS
    • Tomcat

    Java APIs

    APIs are very important software components packed with the JDK. They generally include interfaces, user interfaces, and classes. They facilitate developers to integrate numerous websites and applications whilst offering real-time information. Following are some of the Java APIs to learn about:

    • Java IO
    • Java concurrency 
    • Java collections framework 

    Java Frameworks

    Java has a broad ecosystem, which means that there are various frameworks and libraries for anything and everything. Some frameworks a Java developer should learn are as follows: 

    • Hibernate
    • Log4j
    • JUnit
    • Spring boot
    • Spring

    Testing

    Testing is a critical skill for Java developers, especially integration testing, unit testing, and automation testing. JUnit and Mockito are two of the most famous unit testing and mock libraries. More advanced libraries, such as Robot Framework and Cucumber are also helpful in various cases. On the other hand, though Mockito is a vast library, other libraries can also be helpful such as EasyMock and PowerMock.   

    Utility Libraries

    From sending an HTTP request to parsing JSON, you will have libraries to perform almost anything in Java. Utility libraries such as Google Guava and Apache Commons are crucial for any Java developer as they optimally complement JDK libraries. 

    ORM 

    ORM means Object Relational Mapping. It is a middlemen application tool sitting between a web application and a database. It converts data between Java objects and database tables. Following are some of the ORM tools: 

    • EclipseLink
    • OpenJPA
    • MyBatis
    • TopLink

    General Knowledge Development Skills for Your Java Developer Roadmap

    • Learn about GIT and how to create a few repositories on GitHub. Make sure to share your coding with others. GIT is a valuable tool for version control and project management.
    • Familiarize yourself with HTTP(S) protocol, request methods (DELETE, GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH).
    • If you haven’t become a Google search expert, learn how, especially using advanced search techniques.
    • Read up on algorithms and data structures.
    • Learn about Docker and how to deploy projects in Docker containers.
    • Learn Jenkins to help you master the concepts of Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD).
    • Project management software like Jira, to help track issues and bugs.

    Deployment

    The cloud is the future, so master deployment with:

    Testing

    Familiarize yourself with a handful of Behavior, Integration, Load, and Unit testing resources like:

    • Assertj
    • CitrusFramework
    • Cucumber-jvm
    • Gatling
    • Hoverfly-java
    • Mockserver
    • Rest-assured
    • Truth

    Also, consider learning Selenium to cover end-to-end testing chores.

    There are other resources you can tack on to your roadmap. For example, some roadmaps get tremendously complex and inclusive, adding elements such as Logging, Caching, Object-Relational Mapping (ORMs), API Clients, and Task Scheduling. But the above roadmap is a good fit for most aspiring Java developers; you can always add on more skills later!

    Java Developer Career Options

    There are many Java-based developer career options to choose from. They include:

    • Junior Developer: Consider this an entry-level position. Everyone starts here. Junior developers write, test, analyze, and debug code.
    • Senior Developer: They oversee an entire project, write some code, and act as a liaison to management.
    • Java Web Developer: This position typically emphasizes back-end development, and the developer is responsible for deploying and maintaining the code on the server’s side. Since many servers are moving to the cloud these days, developers should have experience and skills in coding within a cloud environment.
    • Java Architect: Conventional architects design buildings. Java architects design and develop an application’s layout.
    • Java EE Developer: These developers build and maintain enterprise-level software and typically get hired by big companies.
    • Java Android Developer: The Android mobile operating system market share is considerably greater than iOS, so there’s a greater demand for professionals who can build or add features to Android-based apps.

    How Would You Like a Cloud-Based Java Developer Career?

    We’ve already touched on Java’s immense popularity, so why not shoot for a career as a Java developer with a focus on cloud computing? After all, cloud computing’s popularity is on the rise, so combining a massively popular programming language with today’s hottest new computing trend is a can’t lose proposition!

    Simplilearn offers a Professional Certificate Program in Cloud Computing in collaboration with the University of California, Irvine. You will learn in-demand cloud computing skills around security, scaling, and building highly resilient infrastructure on the cloud.

    Alternatively, you can explore a career in cloud architecture with Simplilearn’s Cloud Architect Master’s Program. The program teaches you how to master the architectural principles and services of the top cloud platforms, design and deploy highly scalable, fault-tolerant applications and develop skills to transform yourself into an AWS, Azure cloud, and GCP architect.

    Simplilearn also offers many other Java-related programs, including Java Certification Training and Full-Stack Java Developer. So visit Simplilearn today and get locked into a rewarding and exciting career path!

    Find our Full Stack Java Developer Online Bootcamp in top cities:

    NameDatePlace
    Full Stack Java DeveloperCohort starts on 18th Jan 2023,
    Weekend batch    		Your CityView Details
    Mean Stack Developer Course in HyderabadCohort starts on 19th Jan 2023,
    Weekend batch    		HyderabadView Details
    Mean Stack Developer Course in PuneCohort starts on 8th Feb 2023,
    Weekend batch    		PuneView Details

    Resource : https://www.simplilearn.com/java-developer-roadmap-article#advanced_java

    6Jan, 2023
    SRE Vs DevOps: The Best Solution for Your Business

    In the last few years DevOps has disrupted the software development lifecycle. According to a recent report, the global DevOps market was valued at USD 6.78 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to USD 57.90 billion by 2030. The figure highlights the growing demand for DevOps as a means for businesses to optimise the time to market for new products and services, whilst ensuring greater stability of operations, and safer business continuity.

    DevOps facilitates collaboration and communication between developers and the operations team where building, testing and releasing software can happen rapidly and reliably. Under a DevOps model, companies can:

    1. Reduce organisation silos
    2. Accept failure as a natural part of the process
    3. Implement gradual change
    4. Leverage tooling and automation
    5. Measure everything

    Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) SRE evolved independently from DevOps as a means to build, maintain and run production systems at scale. SRE deals with implementing the product developed by the development team while reducing the level of incidents and improving stability and reliability. The 2022 LinkedIn Jobs on the Rise list includes SRE among the 25 fastest-growing job titles with the highest global demand throughout the past five years. It appears the SRE practice will continue to gain adoption as a method to support higher availability, reliability and improved digital customer experiences.

    Seth Vargo (Developer Advocate at Google) and Liz Fong-Jones (Site Reliability Engineer at Google) provide an interesting insight on the SRE vs DevOps debate: ‘if DevOps is a philosophy, SRE is a prescriptive way of accomplishing that philosophy’.

    But is there a difference between the two? Let’s find out.

    Difference between DevOps and SRE

    Whilst there are some overlaps in job roles within DevOps and SRE, there are differences in some key functions. Here are four main distinctions between DevOps and SRE:

    1. Objective

    The primary objective of DevOps is product development with Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) and to ensure timely release. Developers wants to build features and products and ship them as quickly as possible to customers. However, SRE’s main objective is the system’s stability and reliability. Operators are responsible for the system not going down. So, in this sense DevOps and SRE are two opposing ideas. Developers want to move fast, whilst operators move slowly.

    2. DevOps focuses on ‘What’, SRE focuses on ‘How’

    Seth Vargo explains, ‘DevOps is like an abstract class or interface in programming whereas SRE is a concrete implementation of that class.’ DevOps provides a list of ‘what’ needs to be done whereas SRE demonstrates ‘how’ to implement them.

    For example – reducing organisation silos is one of the five pillars in the DevOps model. However, SRE shows us how to achieve this. Site Reliability Engineers reduce organisation silos by sharing ownership with developers by using the same shared set of tooling across the organisation. By leveraging a single set of tools for production systems we have software developers and SREs contributing at the same time and you can start building high-performance, reliable tooling that facilitates project completion.

    3. Team structure

    DevOps teams typically comprise of a group of professionals with very specific and pre-defined roles like – product owner, software developer, release manager, QA Engineer etc. On the other hand, SRE teams are made up of engineers who have a combination of operational and development skills.

    4. Process Flow

    A DevOps team has a perspective of the development environment to put changes from development to production. On the other hand, SREs have a perspective of production, so they can make suggestions to the development team to limit the failure rates despite the new changes.

    FDM’s DevOps training programme

    The FDM DevOps programme is an 11-week course comprising carefully designed modules that target specific areas of learning in the code, build, test, release, deploy, operate and monitor pipeline. The course is intended to provide comprehensive training in the methodologies, principles and strategies of DevOps.

    The FDM DevOps programme is split across nine modules, each covering a key functionality under the broader remit of DevOps. These include:

    1. Professional Skills – a combination of key professional skills including report writing and presentation skills, written and verbal communications and the fundamentals of collaboration and teamwork. The foundation module also introduces GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and Cyber Security – both critical elements of a DevOps project.
    2. SQL
    3. UNIX
    4. Agile/ Scrum
    5. Software development
    6. Automation testing
    7. Infrastructure and cloud technologies
    8. IT operations and information security
    9. DevOps and CICD

    Consultant Insight

    Xavier Vella is an FDM consultant presently placed with a large Australian Financial Services institution. Speaking of his experience within the DevOps space, he says:

    ‘Currently working with a large financial services client, I see DevOps as the most integral cog in the technology space – maintaining a healthy platform through monitoring and analysing data, automating processes and clear communication allows for a consistent approach to collaboration across the business. Since starting my placement, I have gained exposure to large scale cloud platforms and DevOps tools such as Google Cloud Platform, Kubernetes, Kong, New Relic, Terraform, CodeFresh and more recently Istio. I look forward to further advancements in the space and continuing to play an important role in software development and deployment.’

    Resource : https://www.fdmgroup.com/blog/sre-vs-devops/